Urban–Rural Disparities in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Fuel Consumption in Moldovan Households and Implications for Energy Policies

Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, poses a critical global challenge, with household energy use as a significant contributor. In the Republic of Moldova, stark urban–rural disparities in fuel consumption and emissions necessitate targeted research to inform effective energy policies. This study analyzes GHG emissions from household fuel consumption, focusing on the differences between urban and rural areas, using a quantitative approach guided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies. The findings reveal that rural areas, heavily reliant on traditional fuels like firewood, contribute disproportionately to emissions compared to urban areas, where modern energy sources such as natural gas dominate. Nationally, the research provides critical data to shape energy transition strategies, promoting renewable energy adoption and energy efficiency in rural areas. Internationally, it offers a valuable case study on household emission dynamics in developing countries, contributing to the global understanding of energy use patterns and their environmental impacts. Recommendations include enhancing access to cleaner energy, modernizing infrastructure, and encouraging sustainable practices to align with Moldova’s commitment to GHG reduction goals and serve as a model for similar contexts worldwide.