IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i17p7271-d1462924.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Book-Tax Differences during the Crisis: Does Corporate Social Responsibility Matter?

Author

Listed:
  • Prianto Budi Saptono

    (Department of Fiscal Administration, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Gustofan Mahmud

    (Accounting Research Department, Pratama Institute for Fiscal Policy and Governance Studies, Jakarta 12530, Indonesia
    Accounting Department, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Swadaya, Jakarta 13620, Indonesia)

  • Intan Pratiwi

    (Accounting Research Department, Pratama Institute for Fiscal Policy and Governance Studies, Jakarta 12530, Indonesia)

  • Dwi Purwanto

    (Accounting Research Department, Pratama Institute for Fiscal Policy and Governance Studies, Jakarta 12530, Indonesia)

  • Ismail Khozen

    (Accounting Research Department, Pratama Institute for Fiscal Policy and Governance Studies, Jakarta 12530, Indonesia)

  • Lambang Wiji Imantoro

    (Accounting Research Department, Pratama Institute for Fiscal Policy and Governance Studies, Jakarta 12530, Indonesia)

  • Maria Eurelia Wayan

    (Department of Business Administration, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

Abstract

This study investigates the intricate relationship between corporate financial strategies, encapsulated by book-tax differences (BTDs), and firms’ engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs during economic crises. Using an unbalanced panel dataset drawn from financial, annual, and sustainability reports of over 97 Indonesian non-financial firms from 2017 to 2022, this study reveals that economic crises and CSR activities positively influence total BTD and permanent differences. Notably, firms strategically leverage CSR initiatives amidst crises to enhance their corporate image and manage internal challenges like aggressive tax planning. The robustness of these findings was validated through endogeneity analysis and by examining sub-samples from industries most impacted by the pandemic. In the industries least affected by the pandemic, the direct impact of CSR on BTD was found to be negative, indicating that in the general context, the CSR programs held by these industries are largely driven by normative motives. However, when specified in the crisis context, CSR serves as a strategic buffer for these industries, which reaffirms the prevalence of CSR strategic motives during Indonesia’s pandemic challenges. The findings suggest policy implications for shareholders, regulators, and policymakers to ensure CSR transparency aligns with long-term corporate values and societal impact, incentivizing genuine CSR practices amidst economic uncertainty. Despite its contributions, the study recommends future research explore different domains of CSR and validate findings across diverse contexts to enrich the understanding of CSR’s role in corporate resilience strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Prianto Budi Saptono & Gustofan Mahmud & Intan Pratiwi & Dwi Purwanto & Ismail Khozen & Lambang Wiji Imantoro & Maria Eurelia Wayan, 2024. "Book-Tax Differences during the Crisis: Does Corporate Social Responsibility Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-38, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:17:p:7271-:d:1462924
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7271/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7271/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Desai, Mihir A. & Dharmapala, Dhammika, 2006. "Corporate tax avoidance and high-powered incentives," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(1), pages 145-179, January.
    2. Christofer Adrian & Mukesh Garg & Anh Viet Pham & Soon-Yeow Phang & Cameron Truong, 2023. "Do Natural Disasters Affect Corporate Tax Avoidance? The Case of Drought," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 186(1), pages 105-135, August.
    3. Moore, Jared A. & Xu, Li, 2018. "Book-tax differences and costs of private debt," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 70-82.
    4. Kenneth Bollen, 1996. "An alternative two stage least squares (2SLS) estimator for latent variable equations," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 61(1), pages 109-121, March.
    5. Issam Laguir & Raffaele Staglianò & Jamal Elbaz, 2015. "Does corporate social responsibility affect corporate tax aggressiveness?," Post-Print hal-02053812, HAL.
    6. Dinah M. Payne & Cecily A. Raiborn, 2018. "Aggressive Tax Avoidance: A Conundrum for Stakeholders, Governments, and Morality," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 147(3), pages 469-487, February.
    7. William Hauk & Romain Wacziarg, 2009. "A Monte Carlo study of growth regressions," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 103-147, June.
    8. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
    9. Tang, Tanya & Firth, Michael, 2011. "Can book-tax differences capture earnings management and tax Management? Empirical evidence from China," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 175-204, June.
    10. Sharif Mohammad Aqabna & Mehmet Aga & Huthayfa Nabeel Jabari, 2023. "Firm Performance, Corporate Social Responsibility and the Impact of Earnings Management during COVID-19: Evidence from MENA Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-20, January.
    11. David Roodman, 2009. "How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 9(1), pages 86-136, March.
    12. Pandej Chintrakarn & Pornsit Jiraporn & Young S. Kim, 2018. "Did Firms Manage Earnings more Aggressively during the Financial Crisis?," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 18(3), pages 477-494, September.
    13. Michelle Hanlon & Edward L. Maydew & Jacob R. Thornock, 2015. "Taking the Long Way Home: U.S. Tax Evasion and Offshore Investments in U.S. Equity and Debt Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 70(1), pages 257-287, February.
    14. Crocker, Keith J. & Slemrod, Joel, 2005. "Corporate tax evasion with agency costs," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(9-10), pages 1593-1610, September.
    15. Mihir A. Desai, 2005. "The Degradation of Reported Corporate Profits," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 19(4), pages 171-192, Fall.
    16. Jennifer Martínez-Ferrero & Shantanu Banerjee & Isabel María García-Sánchez, 2016. "Corporate Social Responsibility as a Strategic Shield Against Costs of Earnings Management Practices," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 133(2), pages 305-324, January.
    17. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    18. Jeffrey M Wooldridge, 2010. "Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 2, volume 1, number 0262232588, December.
    19. Cronqvist, Henrik & Low, Angie & Nilsson, Mattias, 2007. "Does Corporate Culture Matter for Firm Policies?," SIFR Research Report Series 48, Institute for Financial Research.
    20. Mazur, Mark J. & Plumley, Alan H., 2007. "Understanding the Tax Gap1," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 60(3), pages 569-576, September.
    21. Jiang, Wei & Zhang, Cheng & Si, Chengyu, 2022. "The real effect of mandatory CSR disclosure: Evidence of corporate tax avoidance," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    22. Caylor, Marcus L., 2010. "Strategic revenue recognition to achieve earnings benchmarks," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 82-95, January.
    23. Bernard, Vl, 1987. "Cross-Sectional Dependence And Problems In Inference In Market-Based Accounting Research," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1), pages 1-48.
    24. Douglas Shackelford & Joel Slemrod & James Sallee, 2011. "Financial reporting, tax, and real decisions: toward a unifying framework," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 18(4), pages 461-494, August.
    25. Vojko Potocan & Zlatko Nedelko, 2021. "The Behavior of Organization in Economic Crisis: Integration, Interpretation, and Research Development," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 174(4), pages 805-823, December.
    26. John Antonakis & Samuel Bendahan & Philippe Jacquart & Rafael Lalive, 2010. "On making causal claims : A review and recommendations," Post-Print hal-02313119, HAL.
    27. Madeleine Feder & Barbara E. Weißenberger, 2019. "Understanding the behavioral gap: Why would managers (not) engage in CSR-related activities?," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 30(1), pages 95-126, April.
    28. John C. Driscoll & Aart C. Kraay, 1998. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation With Spatially Dependent Panel Data," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(4), pages 549-560, November.
    29. John R. Graham & Michael L. Lemmon, 1998. "Measuring Corporate Tax Rates And Tax Incentives: A New Approach," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 11(1), pages 54-65, March.
    30. Plesko, George A., 2004. "Corporate Tax Avoidance and the Properties of Corporate Earnings," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 57(3), pages 729-737, September.
    31. Maretno Harjoto & Hoje Jo, 2011. "Corporate Governance and CSR Nexus," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 100(1), pages 45-67, April.
    32. Edward L. Maydew & Douglas A. Shackelford, 2005. "The Changing Role of Auditors in Corporate Tax Planning," NBER Working Papers 11504, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    33. Zhu, Jun & Ho, Kung-Cheng & Luo, Sijia & Peng, Langchuan, 2023. "Pandemic and tax avoidance: Cross-country evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    34. Isabel Gallego, 2004. "The accounting and taxation relationship in Spanish listed firms," Managerial Auditing Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 19(6), pages 796-819, August.
    35. Hanlon, Michelle & Slemrod, Joel, 2009. "What does tax aggressiveness signal? Evidence from stock price reactions to news about tax shelter involvement," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(1-2), pages 126-141, February.
    36. Nur-tegin Kanybek D, 2008. "Determinants of Business Tax Compliance," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 8(1), pages 1-28, July.
    37. Krishna Udayasankar, 2008. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Size," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 83(2), pages 167-175, December.
    38. Mingjun Zhou, 2016. "Does accounting for uncertain tax benefits provide information about the relation between book-tax differences and earnings persistence?," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(1), pages 65-84, February.
    39. McGill, Gary A. & Outslay, Edmund, 2004. "Lost in Translation: Detecting Tax Shelter Activity in Financial Statements," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 57(3), pages 739-756, September.
    40. Hanlon, Michelle & Maydew, Edward L. & Shevlin, Terry, 2008. "An unintended consequence of book-tax conformity: A loss of earnings informativeness," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2-3), pages 294-311, December.
    41. Juin-jen Chang & Ching-chong Lai, 2004. "Collaborative tax evasion and social norms: why deterrence does not work," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 56(2), pages 344-368, April.
    42. Laurence Van Lent, 2007. "Endogeneity in Management Accounting Research: A Comment," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(1), pages 197-205.
    43. Kale, Arati & Kale, Devendra, 2023. "Do exogenous economic crises change investors’ response to earnings announcements?: A detailed review using the data from COVID-19 pandemic," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
    44. Konrad Raczkowski & Bogdan Mróz, 2018. "Tax gap in the global economy," Journal of Money Laundering Control, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 21(4), pages 567-583, October.
    45. Lee, Lung-fei, 2007. "GMM and 2SLS estimation of mixed regressive, spatial autoregressive models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 137(2), pages 489-514, April.
    46. Lei Gao & Leo L. Yang & Joseph H. Zhang, 2016. "Corporate patents, R&D success, and tax avoidance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 1063-1096, November.
    47. Kimberly A. Clausing, 2016. "The Effect of Profit Shifting on the Corporate Tax Base in the United States and Beyond," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 69(4), pages 905-934, December.
    48. Desai, Mihir A. & Dharmapala, Dhammika, 2009. "Earnings Management, Corporate Tax Shelters, and Book–Tax Alignment," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 62(1), pages 169-186, March.
    49. Ehsan Poursoleyman & Gholamreza Mansourfar & Mohammad Kabir Hassan & Saeid Homayoun, 2024. "Did Corporate Social Responsibility Vaccinate Corporations Against COVID-19?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 189(3), pages 525-551, January.
    50. Paul C. Godfrey & Craig B. Merrill & Jared M. Hansen, 2009. "The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: an empirical test of the risk management hypothesis," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 425-445, April.
    51. Dechow, Patricia M. & Myers, Linda A. & Shakespeare, Catherine, 2010. "Fair value accounting and gains from asset securitizations: A convenient earnings management tool with compensation side-benefits," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1-2), pages 2-25, February.
    52. Windmeijer, Frank, 2005. "A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 126(1), pages 25-51, May.
    53. Daniel Hoechle, 2007. "Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 7(3), pages 281-312, September.
    54. Froot, Kenneth A., 1989. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Cross-Sectional Dependence and Heteroskedasticity in Financial Data," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 24(3), pages 333-355, September.
    55. Wintoki, M. Babajide & Linck, James S. & Netter, Jeffry M., 2012. "Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(3), pages 581-606.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wei Huang & Tingting Ying & Yun Shen, 2018. "Executive cash compensation and tax aggressiveness of Chinese firms," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 1151-1180, November.
    2. Abdul Wahab, Nor Shaipah & Holland, Kevin, 2015. "The persistence of book-tax differences," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(4), pages 339-350.
    3. Luca Menicacci, 2022. "Financial reporting and book-tax conformity: A review of the issues," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2022(1), pages 41-77.
    4. Michel Dumont, 2015. "Working Paper 05-15 - Evaluation of federal tax incentives for private R&D in Belgium: An update," Working Papers 1505, Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium.
    5. Gupta, C.P. & Bedi, Prateek, 2020. "Corporate cash holdings and promoter ownership," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    6. Simper, Richard & Dadoukis, Aristeidis & Bryce, Cormac, 2019. "European bank loan loss provisioning and technological innovative progress," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 119-130.
    7. Izaskun Zuazu, 2022. "Electoral systems and income inequality: a tale of political equality," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 63(2), pages 793-819, August.
    8. Le Luo & Mark Shuai Ma & Thomas C. Omer & Hong Xie, 2024. "Tax avoidance and firm value: does qualitative disclosure in the tax footnote matter?," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 2927-2970, September.
    9. Wenqin Li & John Ziyang Zhang & Rong Ding, 2023. "Impact of Directors’ Network on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Evidence from China," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 183(2), pages 551-583, March.
    10. Canarella, Giorgio & Miller, Stephen M., 2018. "The determinants of growth in the U.S. information and communication technology (ICT) industry: A firm-level analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 259-271.
    11. Nguyen Thi Tuong Anh & Hung Quang Doan & Tuan Anh Bui & Nam Hoang Vu & Duong Thuy Thanh Le, 2022. "A Revisit of Motives for Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of the Institution in Host Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(4), pages 21582440221, December.
    12. Okombi, Idrys Fransmel & Mampieme, Vaccili Belneche, 2024. "Cyclicality of public debt in developing countries: Does dependence on natural resources matter?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    13. Hongxing Yao & Muhammad Haris & Gulzara Tariq & Hafiz Mustansar Javaid & Muhammad Aamir Shafique Khan, 2019. "Intellectual Capital, Profitability, and Productivity: Evidence from Pakistani Financial Institutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-30, July.
    14. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    15. Terence J. V. Saldanha & Abhishek Kathuria & Jiban Khuntia & Benn R. Konsynski, 2022. "Ghosts in the Machine: How Marketing and Human Capital Investments Enhance Customer Growth When Innovative Services Leverage Self-Service Technologies," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 33(1), pages 76-109, March.
    16. Moore, Jared A. & Suh, SangHyun & Werner, Edward M., 2017. "Dual entrenchment and tax management: Classified boards and family firms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 161-172.
    17. Hagen, Tobias & Waldeck, Stefanie, 2014. "Using panel econometric methods to estimate the effect of milk consumption on the mortality rate of prostate and ovarian cancer," Working Paper Series 03, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Law.
    18. Claire Giordano, 2023. "Revisiting the real exchange rate misalignment‐economic growth nexus via the across‐sector misallocation channel," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(4), pages 1329-1384, September.
    19. Michal Madr, 2016. "Economic Development as a Factor of Democratisation: Evidence from Post-Socialist Economies," MENDELU Working Papers in Business and Economics 2016-70, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    20. Arminen, Heli & Menegaki, Angeliki N., 2019. "Corruption, climate and the energy-environment-growth nexus," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 621-634.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:17:p:7271-:d:1462924. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.