IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i15p6614-d1448499.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comparative Analysis of Global Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Characteristics and Potentials

Author

Listed:
  • Sergen Tumse

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Türkiye)

  • Mehmet Bilgili

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana 01950, Türkiye)

  • Alper Yildirim

    (Department of Machinery and Metal Technology, Osmaniye Vocational School of Higher Education, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye 80000, Türkiye)

  • Besir Sahin

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Türkiye
    Aerospace Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul 34295, Türkiye)

Abstract

Wind energy, which generates zero emissions, is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional electricity generation. For this reason, wind energy is a very popular topic, and there are many studies on this subject. Previous studies have often focused on onshore or offshore installations, lacking comprehensive comparisons and often not accounting for technological advancements and their impact on cost and efficiency. This study addresses these gaps by comparing onshore and offshore wind turbines worldwide in terms of installed capacity, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), total installed cost (TIC), capacity factor (CF), turbine capacity, hub height, and rotor diameter. Results show that onshore wind power capacity constituted 98.49% in 2010, 97.23% in 2015, and 92.9% in 2022 of the world’s total cumulative installed wind power capacity. Offshore wind capacity has increased yearly due to advantages like stronger, more stable winds and easier installation of large turbine components. LCOE for onshore wind farms decreased from 0.1021 USD/kWh in 2010 to 0.0331 USD/kWh in 2021, while offshore LCOE decreased from 0.1879 USD/kWh in 2010 to 0.0752 USD/kWh in 2021. By 2050, wind energy will contribute to 35% of the global electricity production. This study overcomes previous limitations by providing a comprehensive and updated comparison that incorporates recent technological advancements and market trends to better inform future energy policies and investments.

Suggested Citation

  • Sergen Tumse & Mehmet Bilgili & Alper Yildirim & Besir Sahin, 2024. "Comparative Analysis of Global Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Characteristics and Potentials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-28, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:15:p:6614-:d:1448499
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6614/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6614/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Feng, Ju & Shen, Wen Zhong, 2017. "Design optimization of offshore wind farms with multiple types of wind turbines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 1283-1297.
    2. Kaldellis, J.K. & Apostolou, D. & Kapsali, M. & Kondili, E., 2016. "Environmental and social footprint of offshore wind energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 543-556.
    3. Khan, Asif & Seyedmahmoudian, Mehdi & Raza, Ali & Stojcevski, Alex, 2021. "Analytical review on common and state-of-the-art FR strategies for VSC-MTDC integrated offshore wind power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    4. Nagababu, Garlapati & Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh & Naidu, Natansh K. & Savsani, Vimal, 2017. "Application of reanalysis data to estimate offshore wind potential in EEZ of India based on marine ecosystem considerations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 622-631.
    5. Tu, Qiang & Betz, Regina & Mo, Jianlei & Fan, Ying & Liu, Yu, 2019. "Achieving grid parity of wind power in China – Present levelized cost of electricity and future evolution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 1053-1064.
    6. Rubert, T. & McMillan, D. & Niewczas, P., 2018. "A decision support tool to assist with lifetime extension of wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 423-433.
    7. Chen Zhang & Tao Yang, 2023. "Anomaly Detection for Wind Turbines Using Long Short-Term Memory-Based Variational Autoencoder Wasserstein Generation Adversarial Network under Semi-Supervised Training," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-18, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Xuefei & Zeng, Xiangwu & Yang, Xu & Li, Jiale, 2019. "Seismic response of offshore wind turbine with hybrid monopile foundation based on centrifuge modelling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1335-1350.
    2. Benjamin Pakenham & Anna Ermakova & Ali Mehmanparast, 2021. "A Review of Life Extension Strategies for Offshore Wind Farms Using Techno-Economic Assessments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-23, March.
    3. Chancham, Chana & Waewsak, Jompob & Gagnon, Yves, 2017. "Offshore wind resource assessment and wind power plant optimization in the Gulf of Thailand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 706-731.
    4. Pollini, Nicolò, 2022. "Topology optimization of wind farm layouts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 1015-1027.
    5. Ge, Mingwei & Wu, Ying & Liu, Yongqian & Li, Qi, 2019. "A two-dimensional model based on the expansion of physical wake boundary for wind-turbine wakes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 975-984.
    6. Ho, Lip-Wah & Lie, Tek-Tjing & Leong, Paul TM & Clear, Tony, 2018. "Developing offshore wind farm siting criteria by using an international Delphi method," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 53-67.
    7. Shen, Wen Zhong & Lin, Jian Wei & Jiang, Yu Hang & Feng, Ju & Cheng, Li & Zhu, Wei Jun, 2023. "A novel yaw wake model for wind farm control applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    8. Siyu Tao & Andrés Feijóo & Jiemin Zhou & Gang Zheng, 2020. "Topology Design of an Offshore Wind Farm with Multiple Types of Wind Turbines in a Circular Layout," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-16, January.
    9. Lingqian Meng & Hongyan Ding, 2022. "Experimental Study on the Contact Force between the Vessel and CBF in the Integrated Floating Transportation Process of Offshore Wind Power," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-10, October.
    10. Chen, Hao & Gao, Xin-Ya & Liu, Jian-Yu & Zhang, Qian & Yu, Shiwei & Kang, Jia-Ning & Yan, Rui & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2020. "The grid parity analysis of onshore wind power in China: A system cost perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 22-30.
    11. Rubert, T. & Zorzi, G. & Fusiek, G. & Niewczas, P. & McMillan, D. & McAlorum, J. & Perry, M., 2019. "Wind turbine lifetime extension decision-making based on structural health monitoring," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 611-621.
    12. Yuanhang Qi & Peng Hou & Guisong Liu & Rongsen Jin & Zhile Yang & Guangya Yang & Zhaoyang Dong, 2021. "Cable Connection Optimization for Heterogeneous Offshore Wind Farms via a Voronoi Diagram Based Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization with Local Search," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, January.
    13. Brooks, Sam & Mahmood, Minhal & Roy, Rajkumar & Manolesos, Marinos & Salonitis, Konstantinos, 2023. "Self-reconfiguration simulations of turbines to reduce uneven farm degradation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1301-1314.
    14. John Dorrell & Keunjae Lee, 2020. "The Cost of Wind: Negative Economic Effects of Global Wind Energy Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-25, July.
    15. Hayat, Imran & Chatterjee, Tanmoy & Liu, Huiwen & Peet, Yulia T. & Chamorro, Leonardo P., 2019. "Exploring wind farms with alternating two- and three-bladed wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 764-774.
    16. Win Naung, Shine & Nakhchi, Mahdi Erfanian & Rahmati, Mohammad, 2021. "High-fidelity CFD simulations of two wind turbines in arrays using nonlinear frequency domain solution method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 984-1005.
    17. Jannie Sønderkær Nielsen & Lindsay Miller-Branovacki & Rupp Carriveau, 2021. "Probabilistic and Risk-Informed Life Extension Assessment of Wind Turbine Structural Components," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-16, February.
    18. Luis M. Abadie & Nestor Goicoechea, 2021. "Old Wind Farm Life Extension vs. Full Repowering: A Review of Economic Issues and a Stochastic Application for Spain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-24, June.
    19. Chen, Hao & Chen, Jiachuan & Han, Guoyi & Cui, Qi, 2022. "Winding down the wind power curtailment in China: What made the difference?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    20. Lin, Zi & Cevasco, Debora & Collu, Maurizio, 2020. "A methodology to develop reduced-order models to support the operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:15:p:6614-:d:1448499. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.