IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i22p15696-d1275614.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Zafar Iqbal Khan

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Rehan Haider

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Kafeel Ahmad

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Nadeem

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Asma Ashfaq

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei

    (Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mikhlid H. Almutairi

    (Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Naunain Mehmood

    (Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
    Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy)

  • Aima Iram Batool

    (Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Hafsa Memona

    (Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Ijaz Rasool Noorka

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Shahzad Akhtar

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Ilker Ugulu

    (Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak 64000, Turkey)

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the edible parts of grapefruit and kinnow fruit irrigated with sewage water (SW), tube-well water (TW), and canal water (CW). Preparation of the samples used in the study for metal analysis was carried out via the wet acid digestion method. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for metal determination. According to the results, Cu concentration ranged from 0.152 to 0.754 mg/L in water, 5.254 to 41.659 mg/kg in soil, and 0.128 to 0.864 mg/kg in fruit samples. Zn concentration varied from 0.574 to 2.723 mg/L in water, 17.812 to 112.954 mg/kg in soil, and 2.658 to 42.642 mg/kg in fruit samples. Fe concentration ranged from 0.254 to 1.245 mg/L in water, 10.635 to 48.638 mg/kg in soil, and 1.062 to 7.584 mg/kg in fruit samples. Mn concentration ranged from 0.154 to 0.638 mg/L in water, 51.283 to 183.865 mg/kg in soil, and 0.136 to 1.464 mg/kg in fruit samples. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated that Cu and Mn exceeded a PLI value of one, and Zn had a PLI > 1 only in sewage water-irrigated sites. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) values for all metals were within permissible limits, indicating no immediate health risks associated with consuming these fruits.

Suggested Citation

  • Zafar Iqbal Khan & Rehan Haider & Kafeel Ahmad & Muhammad Nadeem & Asma Ashfaq & Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei & Mikhlid H. Almutairi & Naunain Mehmood & Aima Iram Batool & Hafsa Memona & Ijaz Rasool Noor, 2023. "Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:22:p:15696-:d:1275614
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/22/15696/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/22/15696/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Al-Lahham, O. & El Assi, N. M. & Fayyad, M., 2003. "Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 51-62, June.
    2. Eid Brima & Hatem Mohamed, 2021. "Distribution of minerals between orange juice and orange flesh in various cultivars," Czech Journal of Food Sciences, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 39(6), pages 419-425.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Aiello, Rosa & Cirelli, Giuseppe Luigi & Consoli, Simona, 2007. "Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on soil and tomato fruits: A case study in Sicily (Italy)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 93(1-2), pages 65-72, October.
    2. Kiziloglu, F.M. & Turan, M. & Sahin, U. & Kuslu, Y. & Dursun, A., 2008. "Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcar," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 95(6), pages 716-724, June.
    3. Kalavrouziotis, I.K. & Robolas, P. & Koukoulakis, P.H. & Papadopoulos, A.H., 2008. "Effects of municipal reclaimed wastewater on the macro- and micro-elements status of soil and of Brassica oleracea var. Italica, and B. oleracea var. Gemmifera," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 95(4), pages 419-426, April.
    4. Nikolaos Tzortzakis & Christos Saridakis & Antonios Chrysargyris, 2020. "Treated Wastewater and Fertigation Applied for Greenhouse Tomato Cultivation Grown in Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Soil Mixtures," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-21, May.
    5. Gatta, Giuseppe & Libutti, Angela & Gagliardi, Anna & Beneduce, Luciano & Brusetti, Lorenzo & Borruso, Luigimaria & Disciglio, Grazia & Tarantino, Emanuele, 2015. "Treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation of tomato crop: Effects on qualitative/quantitative characteristics of production and microbiological properties of the soil," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 33-43.
    6. Lonigro, Antonio & Rubino, Pietro & Lacasella, Vita & Montemurro, Nicola, 2016. "Faecal pollution on vegetables and soil drip irrigated with treated municipal wastewaters," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 66-73.
    7. Mahmoud S. Hashem & Wei Guo & Xuebin Qi & Ping Li, 2022. "Assessing the Effect of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water Using Different Irrigation Techniques on Tomatoes Quality Parameters," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, March.
    8. Li, Na & Kang, Yaohu & Li, Xiaobin & Wan, Shuqin, 2019. "Response of tall fescue to the reclamation of severely saline coastal soil using treated effluent in Bohai Bay," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 203-210.
    9. Elfanssi, Saloua & Ouazzani, Naaila & Mandi, Laila, 2018. "Soil properties and agro-physiological responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) irrigated by treated domestic wastewater," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 231-240.
    10. Pholosho Mmmateko Kgopa & Phatu William Mashela & Alen Manyevere, 2021. "Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater and Borehole Water Used for Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-12, August.
    11. Havva Eylem Polat & Ozan Zambi & Yalçın Güçer & Alper Serdar Anli, 2024. "Impact of Drip Irrigation with Recycled Wastewater on Aromatic Compound Composition in Capia Pepper ( Capsicum annum L.)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-17, June.
    12. Liang, Qiong & Gao, Rutai & Xi, Beidou & Zhang, Yuan & Zhang, Hui, 2014. "Long-term effects of irrigation using water from the river receiving treated industrial wastewater on soil organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 100-108.
    13. Christou, Anastasis & Maratheftis, Grivas & Elia, Michael & Hapeshi, Evroula & Michael, Costas & Fatta-Kassinos, Despo, 2016. "Effects of wastewater applied with discrete irrigation techniques on strawberry plants’ productivity and the safety, quality characteristics and antioxidant capacity of fruits," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 48-54.
    14. Odone, Giordano & Perulli, Giulio Demetrio & Mancuso, Giuseppe & Lavrnić, Stevo & Toscano, Attilio, 2024. "A novel smart fertigation system for irrigation with treated wastewater: Effects on nutrient recovery, crop and soil," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    15. Jang, T.I. & Kim, H.K. & Seong, C.H. & Lee, E.J. & Park, S.W., 2012. "Assessing nutrient losses of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields for sustainable agriculture," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 235-243.
    16. Xiaoman Yu & Yong Geng & Peter Heck & Bing Xue, 2015. "A Review of China’s Rural Water Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-20, May.
    17. Li, Na & Kang, Yaohu & Li, Xiaobin & Wan, Shuqin & Xu, Jiachong, 2019. "Effect of the micro-sprinkler irrigation method with treated effluent on soil physical and chemical properties in sea reclamation land," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 222-230.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:22:p:15696-:d:1275614. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.