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Tracing and Determining the Duration of Illegal Sand Mining in Specific River Channels in the Limpopo Province

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  • Maropene Tebello Dinah Rapholo

    (Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
    Department of Geology and Mining, Physical and Mineral Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa)

  • Isaac Tebogo Rampedi

    (Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa)

  • Fhatuwani Sengani

    (Department of Geology and Mining, Physical and Mineral Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa)

Abstract

Artisanal and Small-scale river sand mining is one of the upcoming activities associated with the environmental crisis concerning the water ecosystem. However, the determination of the duration in which illegal sand mining has occurred, and the future prediction on the extent of river sand mining is not well-established in most of the world. This study aimed to assess the extent of river sand mining activities across some of the catchments in Limpopo province, South Africa and understand the sustainable extraction of sand resources. This was followed by the determination of when sand mining activities commenced in each of the individual catchments. Thus, remote sensing was applied to predict the extent of river sand mining from the year 1992 to 2022, and statistical prediction models were utilised to predict the extent of sand mining for the next 10 years. The results of the study suggest that most of the catchments started to experience illegal sand mining activities from the year 1992, though the extraction was relatively low. Equally, a decrease in vegetation coverage across the river system has been evidenced, which also suggests that the extraction of sand and gravel has been elevated from the year 2010. In terms of the prediction model, the Turfloop River system was predicted to experience a large extraction ratio in the coming 10 years, with about 92.415 ha of land expected to be affected. Meanwhile, the Molototsi River system was denoted to be the least affected river system, with a reduced extraction ratio of about 6.57 ha expected in the next 10 years’ time.

Suggested Citation

  • Maropene Tebello Dinah Rapholo & Isaac Tebogo Rampedi & Fhatuwani Sengani, 2023. "Tracing and Determining the Duration of Illegal Sand Mining in Specific River Channels in the Limpopo Province," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-26, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:18:p:13299-:d:1233203
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Walter Leal Filho & Julian Hunt & Alexandros Lingos & Johannes Platje & Lara Werncke Vieira & Markus Will & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2021. "The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-16, March.
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