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The Impact of Economic Growth, Natural Resources, Urbanization and Biocapacity on the Ecological Footprint: The Case of Turkey

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  • Assad Ullah

    (School of Economics, and Management, Hainan Normal Universty, Haikou 571158, China)

  • Murat Tekbaş

    (Afyon Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar 03050, Turkey)

  • Mesut Doğan

    (Bozuyuk Vocational School, Bilecik Seyh Edebali Universty, Bilecik 11100, Turkey)

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of natural resources, urbanization, biological capacity, and economic growth (EG) on the ecological footprint (EFP) in Turkey between 1970 and 2018. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used to investigate the short- and long-term effects. The findings indicate that EG and biological capacity increase the EFP in both the short and long term. In addition to these results, the long-term results show that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid for Turkey and that urbanization has a negative impact on the EFP. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) applied to determine the relationship between the variables reveals that, in the short term, unilateral causalities exist from EG to the EFP, from urbanization to economic growth, and from biological capacity to EG. The long-term causality results show a bidirectional causality relationship between the EFP, urbanization and biological capacity. In light of these findings, important policy recommendations are provided for policymakers in Turkey to achieve sustainable growth and improve environmental quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Assad Ullah & Murat Tekbaş & Mesut Doğan, 2023. "The Impact of Economic Growth, Natural Resources, Urbanization and Biocapacity on the Ecological Footprint: The Case of Turkey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:17:p:12855-:d:1225011
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    1. Ersin Yavuz & Emre Kilic & Abdullah Emre Caglar, 2024. "A new hypothesis for the unemployment-environment dilemma: is the environmental Phillips curve valid in the framework of load capacity factor in Turkiye?," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(11), pages 29475-29492, November.
    2. Zhu Yingjun & Sharmin Jahan & Md. Qamruzzaman, 2024. "Technological Innovation, Trade Openness, Natural Resources, and Environmental Sustainability in Egypt and Turkey: Evidence from Load Capacity Factor and Inverted Load Capacity Factor with Fourier Fun," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-28, October.
    3. Ullah, Assad & Dogan, Mesut & Pervaiz, Amber & Ather Bukhari, Azaz Ali & Akkus, Hilmi Tunahan & Dogan, Husna, 2024. "The impact of digitalization, technological and financial innovation on environmental quality in OECD countries: Investigation of N-shaped EKC hypothesis," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).

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