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Sustainable and Secure Transport: Achieving Environmental Impact Reductions by Optimizing Pallet-Package Strength Interactions during Transport

Author

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  • Saewhan Kim

    (Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA)

  • Laszlo Horvath

    (Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA)

  • Jennifer D. Russell

    (Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA)

  • Jonghun Park

    (Graphic Communications Management at the Creative School, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada)

Abstract

Increasing quantities of products are being transported across widely distributed supply networks; the sustainability of the packaging used to transport these goods, or unit loads, presents an area of potential concern. The most common type of unit load in the U.S. is wooden pallets supporting various configurations of stacked corrugated boxes. Research into unit load cost optimization revealed that increasing the stiffness of a pallet’s top deck can significantly affect the strength of the assembled, stacked corrugated boxes and provides opportunities to reduce the board grade required for accompanying corrugated boxes. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the environmental implications of this type of unit load optimization method. To address this, we conducted a life cycle analysis (LCA) to investigate the environmental implications of optimizing a unit load using this method. The environmental impacts of paired (pallet and box) unit load design scenarios ( n = 108) were investigated using varied wood species, pallet top deck thicknesses, corrugated boxes sizes, corrugated flutes, and board grades. Initial and optimized unit load scenarios ensured that the unit loads offered equivalent performance. LCA results indicate that optimizing the unit load can reduce environmental impacts by up to 23%, with benefits accruing across most impact categories primarily due to the reduction in corrugated material used. Ozone depletion, the exception, was mainly affected by the increase in the amount of required pallet materials. This study provides minimum required conditions as preliminary guidance for determining the usefulness of unit load specific analysis, and a sensitivity analysis confirmed these values remain unchanged even with different transportation distances. Through the unit load optimization method, this study demonstrates that an effective way to reduce the overall environmental impact and cost of transported unit loads involves increasing the stiffness of the top decks and reducing the corrugated board grade.

Suggested Citation

  • Saewhan Kim & Laszlo Horvath & Jennifer D. Russell & Jonghun Park, 2023. "Sustainable and Secure Transport: Achieving Environmental Impact Reductions by Optimizing Pallet-Package Strength Interactions during Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-19, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:17:p:12687-:d:1222439
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jonathan Asher Morashti & Youra An & Hyunmi Jang, 2022. "A Systematic Literature Review of Sustainable Packaging in Supply Chain Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-22, April.
    2. Gaël Raballand & Enrique Aldaz‐Carroll, 2007. "How Do Differing Standards Increase Trade Costs? The Case of Pallets," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 685-702, April.
    3. Harshwardhan Ketkale & Steven Simske, 2023. "A LifeCycle Analysis and Economic Cost Analysis of Corrugated Cardboard Box Reuse and Recycling in the United States," Resources, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-18, February.
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