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Exploring Phosphorus Fraction Dynamics in Loess Soils: Impact of Long-Term Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Cropland and Fallow Land

Author

Listed:
  • Mohsin Mahmood

    (Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
    Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Sajid Mehmood

    (Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Waqas Ahmed

    (Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Ahmed Salah Elrys

    (Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
    College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
    Liebig Centre for Agroecology and Climate Impact Research, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany)

  • Yi Tian

    (Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Xiaoli Hui

    (Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Anam Ayyoub

    (College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Ahmed S. M. Elnahal

    (Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt)

  • Weidong Li

    (Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Zhaohui Wang

    (Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Jinshan Liu

    (Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

Abstract

Long-term cropping systems require balanced phosphorus (P) management for better yield and environmental sustainability. However, the soil P transformations under fallow rotations with and without long-term nitrogen (N) and P fertilization largely remained unknown. This study evaluated the status of P forms in loess soils in response to varied combined rates of N and P fertilizers, tillage management practices, fallow land systems (natural fallow (NF), and bare fallow (BF)). Four NP treatments (N0P0, control; N0P100, 100 kg P ha −1 ; N160P0, 160 kg N ha −1 ; and N160P100), and two treatments with no fertilizer application and crops (NF and BF) were conducted. The treatments N0P100 and N160P100 significantly increased soil total P, inorganic P (P i ), organic P (P o ), and Olsen P concentrations compared to the control, NF, and BF treatments. Labile P fractions (NaHCO 3 -P o and NaHCO 3 -P i ) were 7.30% and 11.8–12.4% higher in fertilized treatments than in control, NF, and BF treatments. The moderately labile NaOH-P i was stable in all treatments, but NaOH-P o significantly decreased in the NF (2.60%) and BF (1.40%) treatments compared to the control and fertilized treatments; however, HCl D -Pi was 59.1–66.0% higher in NF and BF compared to the control and fertilized treatments. Non-labile P (HCl C -P i and HCl c -P o ) fractions showed no significant difference between the fertilized and unfertilized treatments. Residual P levels were substantially greater in the P fertilized (N0P100) treatment than in the fallow treatments. The conceptual framework and redundancy (RDA) analysis revealed that the labile (NaHCO 3 -P i and NaHCO 3 -P o ) and moderately labile P fractions (NaOH-P o , NaOH-P i , and HCl D -P i ) were substantially associated with Olsen P contents, grain yield, and P uptake. Higher moderate fraction concentrations in fallows and their positive correlation with yield, P uptake, and Olsen P predict the importance of reserved P in these soils upon long-term fertilization, suggesting the utilization of P legacy and optimizing fertilizer applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohsin Mahmood & Sajid Mehmood & Waqas Ahmed & Ahmed Salah Elrys & Yi Tian & Xiaoli Hui & Anam Ayyoub & Ahmed S. M. Elnahal & Weidong Li & Zhaohui Wang & Jinshan Liu, 2023. "Exploring Phosphorus Fraction Dynamics in Loess Soils: Impact of Long-Term Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Cropland and Fallow Land," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:16:p:12342-:d:1216759
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Morugán-Coronado, Alicia & Linares, Carlos & Gómez-López, María Dolores & Faz, Ángel & Zornoza, Raúl, 2020. "The impact of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type on soil and crop yield in fruit orchards under Mediterranean conditions: A meta-analysis of field studies," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    2. Mohsin Mahmood & Tianwei Xu & Waqas Ahmed & Jie Yang & Jiannan Li & Sajid Mehmood & Wenjie Liu & Jiechang Weng & Weidong Li, 2022. "Variability in Soil Parent Materials at Different Development Stages Controlled Phosphorus Fractions and Its Uptake by Maize Crop," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, April.
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