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The Impact of Sustainable Exercise and the Number of Pregnancies on Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Assertiveness Levels in Pregnant Women

Author

Listed:
  • Eren Uluoz

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana 01000, Turkey)

  • Turhan Toros

    (Department of Coaching Education, Mersin University, Mersin 33000, Turkey)

  • Emre Bulent Ogras

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin 33000, Turkey)

  • Cenk Temel

    (Department of Sport Management, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey)

  • Cihat Korkmaz

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 46000, Turkey)

  • Muzaffer Toprak Keskin

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50000, Turkey)

  • Ibrahim Efe Etiler

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin 33000, Turkey)

Abstract

This study examined the variations in self-efficacy, self-esteem, and assertiveness levels among pregnant women engaging in sustainable exercise compared to those performing no physical activity. The study also explored the connection between these changes and the number of pregnancies. The sample included 220 pregnant women engaging in sustainable exercise and 210 pregnant women performing no physical activity. Sustainable exercisers were chosen from those engaged in physical activity for at least 30 min, twice a week. The participants were in the fourth to seventh month of their pregnancy. A simple random sampling technique was used to choose participants and a total of 430 pregnant women volunteered to participate in the study. The mean age of the participants was 31.45 ± 12.11 years. Data collection tools were the Self-Efficacy Scale (SES), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI), and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS). In data analysis, the impact of independent variables on self-efficacy, self-esteem, and assertiveness was evaluated by one-way ANOVA in groups of more than two, t -test in paired groups, the relationship between some independent variables and scales was evaluated by correlation, and descriptive features were shown as percentages. In cases where variance analyses were significant at 0.05 ( p < 0.05), Tukey’s test was used as a post hoc test. The study’s results indicated a significant disparity between the mean self-efficacy and self-esteem scores of women engaged in sustainable exercise compared to those who were not. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of assertiveness levels. The mean scores of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and assertiveness differed significantly in respect to the number of pregnancies in exercising women. However, there were no significant differences in mean scores of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and assertiveness scores in terms of the number of pregnancies in women who did not exercise.

Suggested Citation

  • Eren Uluoz & Turhan Toros & Emre Bulent Ogras & Cenk Temel & Cihat Korkmaz & Muzaffer Toprak Keskin & Ibrahim Efe Etiler, 2023. "The Impact of Sustainable Exercise and the Number of Pregnancies on Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Assertiveness Levels in Pregnant Women," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:11:p:8978-:d:1162307
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rachel A. Tinius & Maire M. Blankenship & Alison M. Colao & Gregory S. Hawk & Madhawa Perera & Nancy E. Schoenberg, 2022. "A Pilot Study on the Impact of the BumptUp ® Mobile App on Physical Activity during and after Pregnancy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Tsai-Hsuan Tsai & Alice M. Wong & Hsiu-Feng Lee & Kevin C. Tseng, 2022. "A Study on the Motivation of Older Adults to Participate in Exercise or Physical Fitness Activities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-17, May.
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    5. Michael Braksiek & Iris Pahmeier & Bernd Gröben & Uta Lindemann, 2022. "Implementation of Physical Activity-Based Health Promotion Measures in Schools—Examples and Evaluations from Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, September.
    6. Izabela Seger & Suzanne Lundvall & Annika Eklund & Ali Jamshidpey & Johnny Takats & Cecilia Stålman & Anna Tidén & Eva A. Andersson, 2022. "A Sustainable Swedish School Intervention with Extra Aerobic Exercise—Its Organization and Effects on Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-32, February.
    7. Sofia Marini & Dila Parma & Alice Masini & Virginia Bertini & Vincenza Leccese & Isotta Caravita & Davide Gori & Rossella Messina & Laura Dallolio, 2021. "Co-Design and Evaluation of the Feasibility and the Efficacy of a Multiple-Targeted Adapted Physical Activity Intervention to Promote Quality of Life, Well-Being and Physical Activity Levels in Pregna," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-9, November.
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