IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i8p4415-d788979.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Ideology of Sustainability under Technological Revolution: Striving towards Sustainable Development

Author

Listed:
  • Syed Abdul Rehman Khan

    (School of Management and Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221006, China
    Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 102616, China)

  • Ridwan Lanre Ibrahim

    (Department of Economics, University of Lagos, Lagos 100213, Nigeria)

  • Abul Quasem Al-Amin

    (Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Zhang Yu

    (School of Economics and Management, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
    Department of Business Administration, ILMA University, Karachi 75190, Pakistan)

Abstract

The recent decades have witnessed an unprecedented surge in global warming occasioned by human anthropogenic activities. The ensuing effects have brought devastating threats to human existence and the ecosystem, with the sustainability of the future generations highly uncertain. Resolving this pervasive issue requires evidence-based policy implications. To this end, this study contributes to the ongoing sustainable development advocacy by investigating the impacts of renewable energy and transport services on economic growth in Germany. The additional roles of digital technology, FDI, and carbon emissions are equally evaluated using data periods covering 1990 to 2020 within the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework. The results show the existence of cointegration among the variables. Additionally, renewable energy and transport services positively drive economic growth. Furthermore, economic growth is equally stimulated by other explanatory variables, such as digital technology and carbon emissions. These outcomes are robust for both the long-run and short-run periods. More so, departures in the long run are noted to heed to corrections at an average of 60% speed of adjustment. The estimated models are confirmed to be valid based on the outcomes of the postestimation tests. Policy implications that support the path to sustainability are highlighted based on the findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Ridwan Lanre Ibrahim & Abul Quasem Al-Amin & Zhang Yu, 2022. "An Ideology of Sustainability under Technological Revolution: Striving towards Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-21, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:8:p:4415-:d:788979
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4415/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4415/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ridwan Lanre Ibrahim & Omokanmi Olatunde Julius & Ifeoma Chinenye Nwokolo & Kazeem Bello Ajide, 2022. "The role of technology in the non-renewable energy consumption-quality of life nexus: insights from sub-Saharan African countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 257-284, February.
    2. Menegaki, Angeliki N., 2011. "Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 257-263, March.
    3. Doytch, Nadia & Narayan, Seema, 2021. "Does transitioning towards renewable energy accelerate economic growth? An analysis of sectoral growth for a dynamic panel of countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    4. Zhang Shaohua & Farzan Yahya & Huy Pham & Muhammad Waqas, 2021. "Do Transparency and Anti-Monopoly Policies Matter for Financial Development? Evidence from a Panel ARDL-PMG Approach," Journal of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1), pages 1-16, January.
    5. Cascetta, Ennio & Cartenì, Armando & Henke, Ilaria & Pagliara, Francesca, 2020. "Economic growth, transport accessibility and regional equity impacts of high-speed railways in Italy: ten years ex post evaluation and future perspectives," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 412-428.
    6. Batool, Irem & Goldmann, Kathrin, 2021. "The role of public and private transport infrastructure capital in economic growth. Evidence from Pakistan," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    7. Sharif, Arshian & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hille, Erik, 2019. "The Transportation-growth nexus in USA: Fresh insights from pre-post global crisis period," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 108-121.
    8. Fırat Emir & Festus Victor Bekun, 2019. "Energy intensity, carbon emissions, renewable energy, and economic growth nexus: New insights from Romania," Energy & Environment, , vol. 30(3), pages 427-443, May.
    9. Akram, Rabia & Chen, Fuzhong & Khalid, Fahad & Huang, Guanhua & Irfan, Muhammad, 2021. "Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on economic growth of BRICS countries: A fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PB).
    10. Shahzad, Umer & Lv, Yulan & Doğan, Buhari & Xia, Wanjun, 2021. "Unveiling the heterogeneous impacts of export product diversification on renewable energy consumption: New evidence from G-7 and E-7 countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1457-1470.
    11. Muhammad Uzair Ali & Zhimin Gong & Muhammad Ubaid Ali & Xiong Wu & Chen Yao, 2021. "Fossil energy consumption, economic development, inward FDI impact on CO2 emissions in Pakistan: Testing EKC hypothesis through ARDL model," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 3210-3221, July.
    12. Assi, Ala Fathi & Zhakanova Isiksal, Aliya & Tursoy, Turgut, 2021. "Renewable energy consumption, financial development, environmental pollution, and innovations in the ASEAN + 3 group: Evidence from (P-ARDL) model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 689-700.
    13. Jolanta Zieziula & Marta Niewiadomska, 2021. "Location factors of e-commerce distribution centers in Zachodniopomorskie Vivodeship based on the example of a selected company," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 9(1), pages 37-51, September.
    14. Pedroni, Peter, 2004. "Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties Of Pooled Time Series Tests With An Application To The Ppp Hypothesis," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 597-625, June.
    15. Sadorsky, Perry, 2009. "Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(10), pages 4021-4028, October.
    16. Oosthuizen, Anna Maria & Inglesi-Lotz, Roula & Thopil, George Alex, 2022. "The relationship between renewable energy and retail electricity prices: Panel evidence from OECD countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    17. Danish I. Godil & Zhang Yu & Arshian Sharif & Rimsha Usman & Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, 2021. "Investigate the role of technology innovation and renewable energy in reducing transport sector CO2 emission in China: A path toward sustainable development," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(4), pages 694-707, July.
    18. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    19. Razzaq, Asif & An, Hui & Delpachitra, Sarath, 2021. "Does technology gap increase FDI spillovers on productivity growth? Evidence from Chinese outward FDI in Belt and Road host countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    20. Sofien Tiba & Fateh Belaid, 2021. "Modeling The Nexus Between Sustainable Development And Renewable Energy: The African Perspectives," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 307-329, February.
    21. Ozcan, Burcu & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2019. "Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in emerging countries: A bootstrap panel causality test," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 30-37.
    22. Nair, Mahendhiran & Arvin, Mak B. & Pradhan, Rudra P. & Bahmani, Sahar, 2021. "Is higher economic growth possible through better institutional quality and a lower carbon footprint? Evidence from developing countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 132-145.
    23. den Elzen, Michel & Kuramochi, Takeshi & Höhne, Niklas & Cantzler, Jasmin & Esmeijer, Kendall & Fekete, Hanna & Fransen, Taryn & Keramidas, Kimon & Roelfsema, Mark & Sha, Fu & van Soest, Heleen & Vand, 2019. "Are the G20 economies making enough progress to meet their NDC targets?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 238-250.
    24. Mohmand, Yasir Tariq & Mehmood, Fahad & Mughal, Khurrum Shahzad & Aslam, Faheem, 2021. "Investigating the causal relationship between transport infrastructure, economic growth and transport emissions in Pakistan," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    25. Solangi, Yasir Ahmed & Longsheng, Cheng & Shah, Syed Ahsan Ali, 2021. "Assessing and overcoming the renewable energy barriers for sustainable development in Pakistan: An integrated AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 209-222.
    26. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    27. Dogan, Eyup & Altinoz, Buket & Madaleno, Mara & Taskin, Dilvin, 2020. "The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A replication and extension of Inglesi-Lotz (2016)," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    28. Luqman, Muhammad & Ahmad, Najid & Bakhsh, Khuda, 2019. "Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan: Evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1299-1309.
    29. Wang, Hui & Han, Jiaying & Su, Min & Wan, Shulin & Zhang, Zhenchao, 2021. "The relationship between freight transport and economic development: A case study of China," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    30. Kao, Chihwa, 1999. "Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 1-44, May.
    31. Rob Van Tulder & Suzana B. Rodrigues & Hafiz Mirza & Kathleen Sexsmith, 2021. "The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals: Can multinational enterprises lead the Decade of Action?," Journal of International Business Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 1-21, March.
    32. Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur & Velayutham, Eswaran, 2020. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: New evidence from South Asia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 399-408.
    33. Anyu Chen & Yueran Li & Kunhui Ye & Tianyi Nie & Rui Liu, 2021. "Does Transport Infrastructure Inequality Matter for Economic Growth? Evidence from China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-21, August.
    34. Congliang Wu & Ning Zhang & Liwen Xu, 2021. "Travelers on the Railway: An Economic Growth Model of the Effects of Railway Transportation Infrastructure on Consumption and Sustainable Economic Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
    35. Li, Guangchen & Wei, Weixian, 2021. "Financial development, openness, innovation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    36. Bruzzone, Francesco & Cavallaro, Federico & Nocera, Silvio, 2021. "The integration of passenger and freight transport for first-last mile operations," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 31-48.
    37. Anwar, Ahsan & Siddique, Muhammad & Eyup Dogan, & Sharif, Arshian, 2021. "The moderating role of renewable and non-renewable energy in environment-income nexus for ASEAN countries: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 956-967.
    38. Khan, Syed Abdul Rehman & Yu, Zhang & Sharif, Arshian, 2021. "No Silver Bullet for De-carbonization: Preparing for Tomorrow, Today," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    39. Wang, Qiang & Wang, Lili, 2020. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A nonlinear panel data analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    40. Fu, Xiaolan & Emes, David & Hou, Jun, 2021. "Multinational enterprises and structural transformation in emerging and developing countries: A survey of the literature," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(2).
    41. Cristina I. Fernandes & Pedro Mota Veiga & João J.M. Ferreira & Mathew Hughes, 2021. "Green growth versus economic growth: Do sustainable technology transfer and innovations lead to an imperfect choice?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 2021-2037, May.
    42. Inglesi-Lotz, Roula, 2016. "The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 58-63.
    43. Md. Qamruzzaman & Wei Jianguo & Sharmin Jahan & Zhu Yingjun, 2021. "Financial innovation, human capital development, and economic growth of selected South Asian countries: An application of ARDL approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4032-4053, July.
    44. Fan, Weiyang & Hao, Yu, 2020. "An empirical research on the relationship amongst renewable energy consumption, economic growth and foreign direct investment in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 598-609.
    45. Wang, Chao & Lim, Ming K. & Zhang, Xinyi & Zhao, Longfeng & Lee, Paul Tae-Woo, 2020. "Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 288-307.
    46. Saidi, Samir & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Akhtar, Pervaiz, 2018. "The long-run relationships between transport energy consumption, transport infrastructure, and economic growth in MENA countries," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 78-95.
    47. Ajide, Kazeem & Ridwan, Ibrahim, 2018. "Energy consumption, environmental contaminants, and economic growth: The G8 experience," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 51, pages 58-83.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Omokanmi, Olatunde Julius & Ibrahim, Ridwan Lanre & Ajide, Kazeem Bello & Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2022. "Exploring the dynamic impacts of natural resources and environmental pollution on longevity in resource-dependent African countries: Does income level matter?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    2. Ibrahim, Ridwan Lanre & Al-mulali, Usama & Ozturk, Ilhan & Bello, Ajide Kazeem & Raimi, Lukman, 2022. "On the criticality of renewable energy to sustainable development: Do green financial development, technological innovation, and economic complexity matter for China?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 262-277.
    3. Kumari, Alka & Singh, Manvendra Pratap, 2023. "A journey of social sustainability in organization during MDG & SDG period: A bibliometric analysis," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    4. Tomasz L. Nawrocki & Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, 2023. "Efficiency of Polish Energy Companies in the Context of EU Climate Policy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Yixuan Wang & Ridwan Lanre Ibrahim & David Mautin Oke & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al‐Faryan, 2024. "Investigating green energy–environment nexus in post‐COP26 era: Can technological innovation, financial development and government expenditure deliver Africa's targets?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(3), pages 3263-3285, July.
    6. Zhanyu Liu & Zishu Ma & Yuqiong Lei, 2023. "Prospects of Mortality Salience for Promoting Sustainable Public Sector Management: A Survey Experiment on Public Service Motivation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-18, July.
    7. Lanre Ibrahim, Ridwan & Bello Ajide, Kazeem & Usman, Muhammad & Kousar, Rakhshanda, 2022. "Heterogeneous effects of renewable energy and structural change on environmental pollution in Africa: Do natural resources and environmental technologies reduce pressure on the environment?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 244-256.
    8. Aniela Bălăcescu & Marian Zaharia & Rodica-Manuela Gogonea & Genu Alexandru Căruntu, 2022. "The Image of Sustainability in European Regions Considering the Social Sustainability Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-32, October.
    9. Ullah, Sami & Luo, Rundong & Nadeem, Muhammad & Cifuentes-Faura, Javier, 2023. "Advancing sustainable growth and energy transition in the United States through the lens of green energy innovations, natural resources and environmental policy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    10. Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko, 2023. "Environmental Sustainability within Attaining Sustainable Development Goals: The Role of Digitalization and the Transport Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    11. Anna Marciniuk-Kluska & Mariusz Kluska, 2023. "Forecasting Energy Recovery from Municipal Waste in a Closed-Loop Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mehmet Balcilar & Ojonugwa Usman & George N. Ike, 2023. "Investing green for sustainable development without ditching economic growth," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), pages 728-743, April.
    2. Shrestha, Anil & Mustafa, Andy Ali & Htike, Myo Myo & You, Vithyea & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2022. "Evolution of energy mix in emerging countries: Modern renewable energy, traditional renewable energy, and non-renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 419-432.
    3. Zhang, Qianxiao & Shah, Syed Ale Raza & Yang, Ling, 2022. "An Appreciated Response of Disaggregated Energies Consumption towards the Sustainable Growth: A debate on G-10 Economies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Jiao, Zhilun & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2020. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    5. Akan, Taner & Gündüz, Halil İbrahim & Emirmahmutoğlu, Furkan & Işık, Ali Haydar, 2023. "Disaggregating renewable energy-growth nexus: W-ARDL and W-Toda-Yamamoto approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    6. Li, Raymond & Lee, Hazel, 2022. "The role of energy prices and economic growth in renewable energy capacity expansion – Evidence from OECD Europe," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 435-443.
    7. Chang, Chiu-Lan & Fang, Ming, 2022. "Renewable energy-led growth hypothesis: New insights from BRICS and N-11 economies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 788-800.
    8. Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur & Velayutham, Eswaran, 2020. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: New evidence from South Asia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 399-408.
    9. Trinh, Hai Hong & Sharma, Gagan Deep & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Vo, Diem Thi Hong, 2022. "Examining the heterogeneity of financial development in the energy-environment nexus in the era of climate change: Novel evidence around the world," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    10. Savranlar, Buket & Atay Polat, Melike & Aslan, Alper, 2023. "What are the mistakes we think are correct about the ‘Natural resource curse’ hypothesis? New insights from quantile regressions via method of moments for EU," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    11. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Xuan-Binh (Benjamin) Vu & Son Nghiem, 2022. "Economic Growth in Six ASEAN Countries: Are Energy, Human Capital and Financial Development Playing Major Roles?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, April.
    12. Sun, Yunpeng & Li, Haoning & Andlib, Zubaria & Genie, Mesfin G., 2022. "How do renewable energy and urbanization cause carbon emissions? Evidence from advanced panel estimation techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 996-1005.
    13. Ghazouani, tarek, 2018. "Re-examining the Foreign direct investment, Renewable energy consumption and Economic growth nexus: Evidence from a new Bootstrap ARDL test for Cointegration," MPRA Paper 89975, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Omar Alkasasbeh & Ohoud Khasawneh & Amro Alzghoul, 2023. "The Nexus between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Jordan," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 194-199, March.
    15. Francisco García-Lillo & Eduardo Sánchez-García & Bartolomé Marco-Lajara & Pedro Seva-Larrosa, 2023. "Renewable Energies and Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, January.
    16. Dogan, Eyup & Altinoz, Buket & Madaleno, Mara & Taskin, Dilvin, 2020. "The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A replication and extension of Inglesi-Lotz (2016)," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    17. Namahoro, J.P. & Nzabanita, J. & Wu, Q., 2021. "The impact of total and renewable energy consumption on economic growth in lower and middle- and upper-middle-income groups: Evidence from CS-DL and CCEMG analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    18. Koçak, Emrah & Şarkgüneşi, Aykut, 2017. "The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 51-57.
    19. Abdullah Emre ÇAĞLAR & Çiğdem DEMİR, 2018. "Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular," EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 14(28), pages 9-30, December.
    20. Adedoyin Isola Lawal, 2023. "The Nexus between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Agricultural Output, and CO 2 in Africa: Evidence from Frequency Domain Estimates," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-27, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:8:p:4415-:d:788979. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.