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Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 2019 and Its Impact on Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Iskhaq Iskandar

    (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia)

  • Deni Okta Lestari

    (Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Sumatra Institute of Technology, Bandar Lampung 35365, Indonesia)

  • Agus Dwi Saputra

    (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia)

  • Riza Yuliratno Setiawan

    (Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Anindya Wirasatriya

    (Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
    Center for Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia)

  • Raden Dwi Susanto

    (Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
    Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
    Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia)

  • Wijaya Mardiansyah

    (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia)

  • Muhammad Irfan

    (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia)

  • Rozirwan

    (Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia)

  • Joga Dharma Setiawan

    (Center for Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia)

  • Kunarso

    (Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia)

Abstract

The evolution of an extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) that took place in the tropical Indian Ocean during the late boreal summer to early winter of 2019 is examined in terms of coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamics. The patterns of anomalous sea-surface temperature (SST) revealed a typical pIOD characteristic: cooling (warming) in the southeastern (western) tropical Indian Ocean. Based on the Dipole Mode Index (DMI), the evolution of the event started in mid-July and gradually strengthened with an abrupt weakening in early September before coming to its peak in late October/early November. It quickly weakened in November, and then it terminated in mid-December. During the peak phase of the event, the SST anomaly in the southeastern (western) tropical Indian Ocean reached about −2 °C (+1 °C). The pattern of anomalous SST was followed by an anomalous pattern in precipitation, in which deficit precipitation was observed over the eastern Indian Ocean, particularly over the Indonesia region. Earlier study has shown that dry conditions associated with the pIOD event created a favorable condition for a forest-peat fire in southern Sumatra. The number of fire hotspots has increased significantly during the peak phase of the 2019 pIOD event. In addition, anomalously strong upwelling forced by strong southeasterly wind anomalies along the southern coast of Java and Sumatra had induced a surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) bloom in this region. High surface Chl-a concentration was collocated with the negative SST anomalies observed off the southwest Sumatra coast and south Java.

Suggested Citation

  • Iskhaq Iskandar & Deni Okta Lestari & Agus Dwi Saputra & Riza Yuliratno Setiawan & Anindya Wirasatriya & Raden Dwi Susanto & Wijaya Mardiansyah & Muhammad Irfan & Rozirwan & Joga Dharma Setiawan & Kun, 2022. "Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 2019 and Its Impact on Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15155-:d:973800
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. N. H. Saji & B. N. Goswami & P. N. Vinayachandran & T. Yamagata, 1999. "A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean," Nature, Nature, vol. 401(6751), pages 360-363, September.
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