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Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Ghazzal

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain

    (Department of Plant Biology & Soil Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain)

  • Zafar Iqbal Khan

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • M. Habib ur Rahman

    (Crop Science Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany)

  • Abeer A. El-Habeeb

    (Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hsi-Hsien Yang

    (College of Science and Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology. No. 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, Taiwan)

Abstract

This article focuses on the toxic element chromium (Cr) in wastewater, its incorporation into soil plant systems, and its relevant toxicity in the food chain as assessed by a health risk assessment from dietary intake. The Nili Ravi buffalo is an important cattle inhabiting Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan, and forage crops grown on soils contaminated with Cr might cause toxicity in the food chain by local inhabitants eating meat. The soil, forage and animal blood samples were collected from five different locations in Tehsil Sahiwal (Chak Dhool, Bagabalocha, Chandia, Dhool Bala and Kakrani) twice at six-month intervals. A total of 30 samples from each ecological zone were collected from the soil and forage crops ( Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Trifolium alexandrinum ). The samples from zone-V and zone-IV showed the maximum concentration of Cr because these areas receive highly contaminated water for irrigation. The Cr was greater than the permissible limits. Environmental indices for all samples ranged below 1. The bioaccumulation and pollution load of Cr in soil and forage crops due to wastewater irrigation can contaminate the whole food chain via the soil, forages and animals. The health risk index (HRI) and a high value of enrichment factor were found for Cr in some sites. The Cr concentration was higher during the summer season than winter. Fodder crops with different concentrations and an elevated level of Cr were observed in maize. Attention should be paid when wastewater is used for fodder crop irrigation and its potential risks to human health following dairy product (milk, meat) entry into the food chain.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Ghazzal & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Zafar Iqbal Khan & M. Habib ur Rahman & Abeer A. El-Habeeb & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15095-:d:972884
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yu, Haochen & Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Hussain, M. Iftikhar & Javaid, Iqra & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nazar, Sonaina & Akhtar, Shahzad & Ejaz, Abid & Sohail, Muhammad & Nadeem, Muhammad & Hami, 2022. "Comparative evaluation of groundwater, wastewater and canal water for irrigation on toxic metal accumulation in soil and vegetable: Pollution load and health risk assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    2. Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Pervaiz Akhter & Fahad M. Al-Hemaid & Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi & Mohamed Soliman Elshikh & Kafeel Ahmad & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Potential of Organic Amendments for Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil–Coriander System: Environmental Fate and Associated Ecological Risk," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-17, September.
    3. Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nadeem, Muhammad & Ejaz, Abid & Hussain, Muhammad Iftikhar & Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan, 2022. "Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    4. Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Ashfaq, Asma & Nawaz, Hummera & Nadeem, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
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