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Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia

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  • Chen, Fu
  • Ma, Jing
  • Akhtar, Shahzad
  • Khan, Zafar Iqbal
  • Ahmad, Kafeel
  • Ashfaq, Asma
  • Nawaz, Hummera
  • Nadeem, Muhammad

Abstract

Heavy metal deposition in crops irrigated with wastewater is a serious environmental issue in many developing countries. This research looked at the probable health impacts of chromium (Cr) in water, soil, and food crop samples. The concentration of Cr was measured in samples taken from three sites: Sargodha City, Sahiwal, and Shahpur. Chromium levels were found to vary from 0.011 to 0.067 mg/L in water, to 0.223–2.49 in soil, and from 0.17 to 1.74 mg/kg in crops, respectively. Cr levels in the water, soil, and crops met World Health Organization requirements. Crop samples showed a positive correlation with soil chromium concentrations. There was a wide range in the bioconcentration factor (BCF), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), daily metal intake (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and target hazard quotient (THQ), which were all between 0.16 and 1.79. The BCF and EF were greater than one, which proves a high level of Cr mobility and metal enrichment. The PLI, DIM, HRI, and THQ of metal values were less than one, indicating that toxic metals were present in lower quantities in food crops and had no carcinogenic effects on consumers. Consistent monitoring of water quality, crops, soil, and better agricultural practices that inhibit metals from entering agricultural food reduce the potential health risks to consumers.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Ashfaq, Asma & Nawaz, Hummera & Nadeem, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:272:y:2022:i:c:s0378377422003808
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107833
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    1. Yu, Haochen & Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Hussain, M. Iftikhar & Javaid, Iqra & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nazar, Sonaina & Akhtar, Shahzad & Ejaz, Abid & Sohail, Muhammad & Nadeem, Muhammad & Hami, 2022. "Comparative evaluation of groundwater, wastewater and canal water for irrigation on toxic metal accumulation in soil and vegetable: Pollution load and health risk assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    2. Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nadeem, Muhammad & Ejaz, Abid & Hussain, Muhammad Iftikhar & Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan, 2022. "Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    3. Xiaolu Yan & Miao Liu & Jingqiu Zhong & Jinting Guo & Wen Wu, 2018. "How Human Activities Affect Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil and Sediment in a Long-Term Reclaimed Area of the Liaohe River Delta, North China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, January.
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    4. Maria Ghazzal & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Zafar Iqbal Khan & M. Habib ur Rahman & Abeer A. El-Habeeb & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    5. Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Majida Naeem & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Shahzad Akhtar & Muhammad Nadeem & Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser & Kafeel Ahmad & Oscar Vicente & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu) Exposure and Bioaccumulation Arrays in Farm Ruminants: Impact of Forage Ecotypes, Ecological Sites and Body Organs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-14, October.

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