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Lead Extraction Methods in Roadside Soils and Its Relationship with Soil Properties

Author

Listed:
  • Shazia Nawaz

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus Pakistan, Abbottabad 22044, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Irshad

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus Pakistan, Abbottabad 22044, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq

    (College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
    Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia)

  • Muhammad Mohiuddin

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University Murree, Rawalpindi 47150, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Ashraf

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute (GIKI) of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan)

  • Sumera Bibi

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus Pakistan, Abbottabad 22044, Pakistan)

  • Nadeem Shaukat

    (Center for Mathematical Sciences (CMS), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore 45650, Pakistan
    Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Istitute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore 45650, Pakistan)

  • Ashfaq Ahmad Shah

    (Research Center for Environment and Society, Hohai University Nanjing, Nanjing 212013, China
    School of Public Admistration, Hohai University, 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 210098, China)

  • Anne Wai Man Ng

    (College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia)

Abstract

Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutant, and its concentration in the soil environment has received greater attention. Studies on the interrelation of Pb and major soil properties using different extraction methods have been poorly documented. The lead extraction method is important to be identified, which may accurately reflect Pb extractability from soils. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the Pb pollution of roadside soils. Four extractants: ammonium acetate (NH 4 OAc), hydrochloric acid (HCl), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Soil samples were sieved for three particle sizes: finer to coarser particles (0.5 to 2 mm). Results showed that there were substantial differences for Pb concentrations among sampling sites depending on the extracting reagents: HCl > DTPA > NH 4 OAc > NaOH. The extractability of Pb from soil was apparently enhanced with the increasing strength of a reagent used for the soil solution. The NH 4 OAc extractable Pb concentrations in the surface soil samples from the Abbottabad area ranged from 67.9 to 246.7 mg kg −1 , and in Haripur, the Pb concentrations ranged from 97.6 to 242.5 mg kg −1 . At 20% HCl solution, the average Pb concentrations were 2.6 times higher than the NH 4 OAc solution in the topsoil of Abbottabad area. The roadside soils contained Pb concentrations higher than the permissible limits. The control soil samples (from a distance of 200 m) exhibited Pb concentrations in the relative range of 28.5 to 61.7 mg kg −1 . Pb concentrations in the topsoil and subsoil were found to be apparently inconsistent. The concentration of Pb was higher in the soil containing a higher amount of organic matter and clay content. The soil pH and particle size were inversely related to extractable Pb in the soil. Higher Pb pollution in the soil could be associated with the higher traffic density.

Suggested Citation

  • Shazia Nawaz & Muhammad Irshad & Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq & Muhammad Mohiuddin & Muhammad Ashraf & Sumera Bibi & Nadeem Shaukat & Ashfaq Ahmad Shah & Anne Wai Man Ng, 2022. "Lead Extraction Methods in Roadside Soils and Its Relationship with Soil Properties," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13207-:d:942434
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Thomas, Valerie & Kwong, Andrew, 2001. "Ethanol as a lead replacement: phasing out leaded gasoline in Africa," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(13), pages 1133-1143, November.
    2. Muhammad Mohiuddin & Muhammad Irshad & Sadaf Sher & Faisal Hayat & Ammar Ashraf & Salman Masood & Sumera Bibi & Jawad Ali & Muhammad Waseem, 2022. "Relationship of Selected Soil Properties with the Micronutrients in Salt-Affected Soils," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-17, June.
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