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Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Metal(loid)s in Sediments of Two Major Seaports along Bay of Bengal Coast

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  • Mohammad Belal Hossain

    (Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
    School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia)

  • Md. Yeamim Aftad

    (Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Jimmy Yu

    (School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia)

  • Tasrina Rabia Choudhury

    (Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka (AECD), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Abu Noman

    (State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Md. Solaiman Hossain

    (Department of Oceanography, Shahajalal Science and Technology University, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh)

  • Bilal Ahamad Paray

    (Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Takaomi Arai

    (Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei)

Abstract

Pollution from shipping, industrial, and municipal wastewater discharges is a major source of heavy-metal contamination at seaports located near estuaries or along the coast. In this study, for the first time, nine metal(loid)s (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Fe, and As) were analyzed from the surface sediment of two major seaports on the Bay of Bengal coast to evaluate the degree of pollution and ecological risk. The average concentrations of metal(loid)s followed the decreasing order of Fe (53,800 ± 4002 mg/kg) > Mn (590 ± 116.8 mg/kg) > Zn (67.59 ± 13.5 mg/kg) > Ni (62.8 ± 22.5 mg/kg) > Cr (36.59 ± 7.22 mg/kg) > Cu (32.63 ± 6.78 mg/kg) > Pb (16.78 ± 3.93 mg/kg) > As (6.33 ± 1.9 mg/kg) > Cd (0.71 ± 0.16 mg/kg). Both sites had much greater Fe concentrations (compared to other metals) than the levels that had been previously recorded at nearby localities. Furthermore, elements such as Fe and Ni surpassed the recommended NOAA and EPA limits for maximum samples from both ports. However, with the exception of one sampling point in Chattogram Port, the pollution-load-index (PLI) values were <1, indicating no heavy-metal contamination. For all metals except Cd, the enrichment factor (EF) values were also <1, indicating that the metals came from natural sources. Besides, the contamination factor (CF) was 1 < CF < 3 for Cd and <1 for other metals, therefore, the study area was under moderate risk for Cd contamination. The geo-accumulation index (I geo ) values indicated that the study area is moderately polluted with Cd (I geo > 0). In addition, the potential ecological-risk index (PERI) revealed that the both areas are under considerable (PERI > 80) to moderate (PERI > 40) risk due to Cd pollution. Correlation and Principal Component Analyses (PCA), demonstrated the anthropogenic sources of some metals, especially Fe, Ni, and Cd. As a result, it is suggested that the study area should be followed up on, to track changes and design a pollution-control strategy to reduce future pollution hazards.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Belal Hossain & Md. Yeamim Aftad & Jimmy Yu & Tasrina Rabia Choudhury & Md. Abu Noman & Md. Solaiman Hossain & Bilal Ahamad Paray & Takaomi Arai, 2022. "Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Metal(loid)s in Sediments of Two Major Seaports along Bay of Bengal Coast," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:19:p:12733-:d:935129
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giuseppe Genchi & Alessia Carocci & Graziantonio Lauria & Maria Stefania Sinicropi & Alessia Catalano, 2020. "Nickel: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-21, January.
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