The Search for Sustainable Architecture in Asia in the Oeuvre of Antonin Raymond: A New Attunement with Nature

The American architect Antonin Raymond carried out intense work in Japan from 1920 to 1970. Firstly, coming to Japan to collaborate with Frank Lloyd Wright in the Imperial Hotel almost as an apprentice; unexpectedly, he was to change the game for Nipponese design and construction arts, creating at the same time the path to what currently stands out as a key example of modern environmentally conscious architecture. Due in part to his advanced stance in the profession, architects who now seem pivotal to the rising of a progressive movement in the island-nation were related to Raymond’s wake and influence, including Junzô Yoshimura, Kunio Maekawa, and Kenzô Tange. For these reasons, and given the fact that most of the building typologies he designed were previously nonexistent, his oeuvre caused a great impact and consideration, straddled as it is between nature and culture. Such prominent and visionary work, ahead of stylistic Western postulates, often related to mere abstraction, has not been sufficiently recognized in the history of building design. Consequently, the authors propose to settle in this article some of the most significant developments of Raymond’s work through his projects and ideas that intended to preserve the environment, such as integrated landscape and orientation to benefit from the sun and breezes, favoring ventilation through adroit design and extensive use of local material left untreated. These hard to assimilate notions would show that Raymond embodied in his work a profound respect for nature and traditions, rooted by its part in Daoism and Shintoism, which paved the way for subsequent innovations of early sustainability in the architectural domain.