Core Elements Affecting the Circularity of Materials

The authors have revised the circularity of materials, which is essential to stimulate circular activity processes. The theoretical part starts with the revision of material circularity under linear and circular models, and answers to the question of how to use modern technologies to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources. Later on, the authors describe the material circularity in the concept of close-loop and open-loop production. Further on, the authors examine the recycling of different waste categories as an essential element necessary for the circularity, give the results of reviewing various sectors and present key elements affecting material circularity. The authors revised the set of variables and formed a correlation matrix and used a dynamic regression model to identify the circular material use rate. The authors suggested a three-level methodology that provided a dynamic regression model that could be applied for forecasting the size of circular material use rate in European Union countries. The empirical research results show that the key elements affecting the circularity of materials are private investments dedicated for recycling, the recycling of electronic waste and other municipal waste.