IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i10p6065-d817209.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions

Author

Listed:
  • Barouch Giechaskiel

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Fabrizio Forloni

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Massimo Carriero

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Gianmarco Baldini

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Paolo Castellano

    (Dimsport, 15020 Serralunga di Crea, Italy)

  • Robin Vermeulen

    (TNO, 2595 Hague, The Netherlands)

  • Dimitrios Kontses

    (Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Pavlos Fragkiadoulakis

    (Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Zissis Samaras

    (Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Georgios Fontaras

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

Abstract

Illegal manipulation (i.e., tampering) of vehicles is a severe problem because vehicle emissions increase orders of magnitude and significantly impact the environment and human health. This study measured the emissions before and after representative approaches of tampering of two Euro 6 Diesel light-duty passenger cars, two Euro VI Diesel heavy-duty trucks, and a Stage IV Diesel non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) agricultural tractor. With tampering of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NO x , the NO x emissions increased by more than one order of magnitude exceeding 1000 mg/km (or mg/kWh) for all vehicles, reaching older Euro or even pre-Euro levels. The tampering of the NO x sensor resulted in relatively low NO x increases, but significant ammonia (NH 3 ) slip. The particle number emissions increased three to four orders of magnitude, reaching 6–10 × 10 12 #/km for the passenger car (one order of magnitude higher than the current regulation limit). The tampered passenger car’s NO x and particle number emissions were one order of magnitude higher even compared to the emissions during a regeneration event. This study confirmed that (i) tampering with the help of an expert technician is still possible, even for vehicles complying with the current Euro standards, although this is not allowed by the regulation; (ii) tampering results in extreme increases in emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Barouch Giechaskiel & Fabrizio Forloni & Massimo Carriero & Gianmarco Baldini & Paolo Castellano & Robin Vermeulen & Dimitrios Kontses & Pavlos Fragkiadoulakis & Zissis Samaras & Georgios Fontaras, 2022. "Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:10:p:6065-:d:817209
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6065/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6065/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Barouch Giechaskiel & Roberto Gioria & Massimo Carriero & Tero Lähde & Fabrizio Forloni & Adolfo Perujo & Giorgio Martini & Luigi Maurizio Bissi & Roberto Terenghi, 2019. "Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Young Soo Yu & Jun Woo Jeong & Mun Soo Chon & Junepyo Cha, 2021. "NOx Emission of a Correlation between the PEMS and SEMS over Different Test Modes and Real Driving Emission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-21, November.
    3. Barouch Giechaskiel & Simone Casadei & Tommaso Rossi & Fabrizio Forloni & Andrea Di Domenico, 2021. "Measurements of the Emissions of a “Golden” Vehicle at Seven Laboratories with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-13, August.
    4. Haller, Piroska & Genge, Béla & Forloni, Fabrizio & Baldini, Gianmarco & Carriero, Massimo & Fontaras, Georgios, 2022. "VetaDetect: Vehicle tampering detection with closed-loop model ensemble," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
    5. Rod Williams & Rasmus Pettinen & Pauline Ziman & Kenneth Kar & Roland Dauphin, 2021. "Fuel Effects on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from Two Commercial Euro V and Euro VI Road Transport Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-38, July.
    6. Mérel, Pierre & Smith, Aaron & Williams, Jeffrey & Wimberger, Emily, 2014. "Cars on crutches: How much abatement do smog check repairs actually provide?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 67(3), pages 371-395.
    7. Otto Andersen & Paul Upham & Carlo Aall, 2018. "Technological Response Options after the VW Diesel Scandal: Implications for Engine CO 2 Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-18, July.
    8. Sheng Su & Yunshan Ge & Yingzhi Zhang, 2021. "NOx Emission from Diesel Vehicle with SCR System Failure Characterized Using Portable Emissions Measurement Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-12, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Barouch Giechaskiel & Tobias Jakobsson & Hua Lu Karlsson & M. Yusuf Khan & Linus Kronlund & Yoshinori Otsuki & Jürgen Bredenbeck & Stefan Handler-Matejka, 2022. "Assessment of On-Board and Laboratory Gas Measurement Systems for Future Heavy-Duty Emissions Regulations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-16, May.
    2. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
    3. Danilo Engelmann & Yan Zimmerli & Jan Czerwinski & Peter Bonsack, 2021. "Real Driving Emissions in Extended Driving Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-19, November.
    4. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek, 2022. "Analysis of Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Freight Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-14, June.
    5. Joachim Demuynck & Roland Dauphin & Marta Yugo & Pablo Mendoza Villafuerte & Dirk Bosteels, 2021. "Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO 2 Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Zhenhua Zhang & Guoxing Zhang & Shunfeng Song & Bin Su, 2020. "Spatial Heterogeneity Influences of Environmental Control and Informal Regulation on Air Pollutant Emissions in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-22, July.
    7. Christian Engström & Per Öberg & Georgios Fontaras & Barouch Giechaskiel, 2022. "Considerations for Achieving Equivalence between Hub- and Roller-Type Dynamometers for Vehicle Exhaust Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-23, October.
    8. Ioana C. Sechel & Florin Mariasiu, 2021. "Efficiency of Governmental Policy and Programs to Stimulate the Use of Low-Emission and Electric Vehicles: The Case of Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-20, December.
    9. Nicholas J. Sanders & Ryan Sandler, 2020. "Technology and the Effectiveness of Regulatory Programs over Time: Vehicle Emissions and Smog Checks with a Changing Fleet," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 7(3), pages 587-618.
    10. Yonmo Sung, 2023. "Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO 2 , NO x , and SO 2 ) in Combustion-Related Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-4, April.
    11. Sorin Vasile Savu & Robert Cristian Marin & Andrej David & Adrian Bebe Olei & Ilie Dumitru & Daniela Tarnita & Andrea Maternova & Ionel Dănuț Savu, 2022. "Reducing NOx Emissions through Microwave Heating of Aftertreatment Systems for Sustainable Transport in the Inland Waterway Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-17, March.
    12. Barouch Giechaskiel & Simone Casadei & Tommaso Rossi & Fabrizio Forloni & Andrea Di Domenico, 2021. "Measurements of the Emissions of a “Golden” Vehicle at Seven Laboratories with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-13, August.
    13. Maksymilian Mądziel, 2023. "Vehicle Emission Models and Traffic Simulators: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-31, May.
    14. Fraas, Arthur G. & Kopits, Elizabeth & Wolverton, Ann, 2021. "A Retrospective Review of Retrospective Cost Analyses," RFF Working Paper Series 21-29, Resources for the Future.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:10:p:6065-:d:817209. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.