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Comprehensive Evaluation on the Use of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil as Natural Additive against Different Serotypes of Salmonella enterica

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  • Abdelaziz Ed-Dra

    (Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
    Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario della Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
    These authors have contributed equally to this work.)

  • Luca Nalbone

    (Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario della Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
    These authors have contributed equally to this work.)

  • Fouzia Rhazi Filali

    (Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco)

  • Najla Trabelsi

    (Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC05 Olive Biotechnology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2050, Tunisia)

  • Yassine Oulad El Majdoub

    (Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco)

  • Brahim Bouchrif

    (Laboratory of Microbiology and Hygiene of Food and Water, Pasteur Institute Morocco, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20100, Morocco)

  • Filippo Giarratana

    (Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario della Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy)

  • Alessandro Giuffrida

    (Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario della Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy)

Abstract

Essential oils were proposed as natural additives to ensure food safety and quality in a more sustainable approach. The chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TV-EO) collected from Morocco, its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against different serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was investigated. A mathematical model was implemented to predict the Salmonella behavior when exposed to TV-EO. In situ antimicrobial activity and sensory influence were tested in minced poultry meat experimentally contaminated with Salmonella and treated with TV-EO. Hydrodistillation was used to extract TV-EO, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis found thymol as the most representative compound. Results of the antioxidant activity showed an IC 50 of 0.29 ± 0.04 mg/mL, EC 50 of 0.74 ± 0.08 mg/mL, and RC 50 of 0.59 ± 0.06 mg/mL. All the Salmonella strains were susceptible to TV-EO with performing results for the disc diffusion method (inhibition diameters ranged between 24 ± 0.4 mm and 32 ± 0.6 mm), determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 0.5%) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC; 1%), sublethal-injured cells (7.99 ± 0.08%), in situ activity (growth inhibition after 3 days), and meat sensory preservation (up to 1 week). The implemented mathematical model well fitted the Salmonella growth curve. TV-EO with significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities was suitable to ensure food safety and quality consistent with the new sustainable trends in the food field.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdelaziz Ed-Dra & Luca Nalbone & Fouzia Rhazi Filali & Najla Trabelsi & Yassine Oulad El Majdoub & Brahim Bouchrif & Filippo Giarratana & Alessandro Giuffrida, 2021. "Comprehensive Evaluation on the Use of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil as Natural Additive against Different Serotypes of Salmonella enterica," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:8:p:4594-:d:540011
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    1. Lindsey Van Haute & Sabine Dietmann & Laura Kremer & Shobbir Hussain & Sarah F. Pearce & Christopher A. Powell & Joanna Rorbach & Rebecca Lantaff & Sandra Blanco & Sascha Sauer & Urania Kotzaeridou & , 2016. "Deficient methylation and formylation of mt-tRNAMet wobble cytosine in a patient carrying mutations in NSUN3," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 7(1), pages 1-10, November.
    2. Kenneth G. Cassman & Patricio Grassini, 2020. "A global perspective on sustainable intensification research," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 262-268, April.
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    1. Omayma Bouzekri & Sabah El Gamouz & Abdelaziz Ed-Dra & Hamou Moussout & Younes Dehmani & Hamid Ziyat & Mostafa El Idrissi & M’barek Choukrad & Sadik Abouarnadasse, 2023. "Green Synthesis of Nickel and Copper Nanoparticles Doped with Silver from Hammada scoparia Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Potential to Inhibit Microorganisms and to Remove Dyes from Aqueous Solu," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-12, January.
    2. Luca Nalbone & Filippo Giarratana & Ettore Napoli, 2021. "Balantidiasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease Used as a Study Model for a Holistic Approach to Sustainable Development in the Framework of Agenda 2030 Goals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-14, November.

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