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Strength Performance and Microstructure of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement-Stabilized Soft Soil

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  • Hailong Liu

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
    MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Jiuye Zhao

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

  • Yu Wang

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

  • Nangai Yi

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

  • Chunyi Cui

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

Abstract

Calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) was used to stabilize a type of marine soft soil in Dalian China. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of CSA-stabilized soil was tested and compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC); meanwhile the influence of amounts of gypsum in CSA and cement contents in stabilized soils on the strength of stabilized soils were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were employed to detect generated hydration products, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted to analyze microstructures of CSA-stabilized soils. The results showed that UCS of CSA-stabilized soils at 1, 3, and 28 d firstly increased and then decreased with contents of gypsum increasing from 0 to 40 wt.%, and CSA-stabilized soils exhibited the highest UCS when the content of gypsum equaled 25 wt.%. When the mixing amounts of OPC and CSA were the same, CSA-stabilized soils had a significantly higher early strength (1 and 3 d) than OPC. For CSA-stabilized soil with 0 wt.% gypsum, monosulfate (AFm) was detected as a major hydration product. As for CSA-stabilized soil with certain amounts of gypsum, the intensity of ettringite (Aft) was significantly higher than that in the sample hydrating without gypsum, but a tiny peak of AFm also could be detected in the sample with 15 wt.% gypsum at 28 d. Additionally, the intensity of AFt increased with the contents of gypsum increasing from 0 to 25 wt.%. When contents of gypsum increased from 25 to 40 wt.%, the intensity of AFt tended to decrease slightly, and residual gypsum could be detected in the sample with 40 wt.% gypsum at 28 d. In the microstructure of OPC-stabilized soils, hexagonal plate-shaped calcium hydroxide (CH) constituted skeleton structures, and clusters of hydrated calcium silicates (C-S-H) gel adhered to particles of soils. In the microstructure of CSA-stabilized soils, AFt constituted skeleton structures, and the crystalline sizes of ettringite increased with contents of gypsum increasing; meanwhile, clusters of the aluminum hydroxide (AH 3 ) phase could be observed to adhere to particles of soils and strengthen the interaction.

Suggested Citation

  • Hailong Liu & Jiuye Zhao & Yu Wang & Nangai Yi & Chunyi Cui, 2021. "Strength Performance and Microstructure of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement-Stabilized Soft Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-10, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:2295-:d:502653
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jules Muvuna & Tuleen Boutaleb & Slobodan B. Mickovski & Keith Baker & Ghoreyshi Seyed Mohammad & Mario Cools & Wissal Selmi, 2020. "Information Integration in a Smart City System—A Case Study on Air Pollution Removal by Green Infrastructure through a Vehicle Smart Routing System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lingshi An & Junhao Chen & Dongwei Li & Peng Li & Lei Guo & Guanren Chen, 2022. "Accumulative Strain of Sand-Containing Soft Soil Reinforced by Cement and Sodium Silicate under Traffic Loading," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Slobodan B. Mickovski, 2021. "Sustainable Geotechnics—Theory, Practice, and Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-4, May.

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