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Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

Author

Listed:
  • Pekka Taskinen

    (Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1F, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Espoo, Finland)

  • Katri Avarmaa

    (Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1F, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Espoo, Finland
    Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Melbourne 3122, Australia)

Abstract

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.

Suggested Citation

  • Pekka Taskinen & Katri Avarmaa, 2021. "Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-13, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:22:p:12826-:d:683235
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Luis Delgado Sancho & Ana Sofia Catarino & Peter Eder & Donald Litten & Zheng Luo & Alejandro Villanueva Krzyzaniak, 2009. "End-of-Waste Criteria," JRC Research Reports JRC53238, Joint Research Centre.
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