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Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings

Author

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  • Lee Bak Yeo

    (School of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
    Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok 16300, Malaysia)

  • Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling

    (Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia)

  • Mou Leong Tan

    (Geoinformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia)

  • Pau Chung Leng

    (Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia)

Abstract

A few studies on outdoor human thermal comfort (HTC) have been conducted in the tropical region in a hot and humid climate; however, there is a paucity of discussions on how exactly different spatial settings influence HTC. Thus, this paper aims to examine how land use land cover (LULC) affects HTC on the basis of the simulation of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) indices via ENVI-met and Rayman. The results reveal that people living in the urban area have a higher tendency to experience strong heat stress (25% of the areas with PMV ranging from 3.4 to 3.9 and 2% of the areas, where PMV reached 4.1), followed by the rural area (43% of the areas with PMV ranging from 2.1 to 2.4), and the suburban area (more than 50% of the areas with PMV values less than 2.4). Surprisingly, a concrete LULC in the suburb area exhibits a higher air temperature than an asphalt surface at 4 p.m., due to the large area of high albedo that increases the reflection of solar radiation, subsequently contributing to warming up the airmass. Similarly, sandy, and loamy LULC tend to emit more heat during nighttime, while the heat is absorbed slowly during daytime, and it is then slowly released during nighttime after 6 p.m. Spatial settings that promote heat stress in the urban area are mainly contributed by an LULC of asphalt, concrete, sandy, and loamy areas. Meanwhile, people in the suburban and rural areas are less likely to experience heat stress, due to agricultural plantations and lowland forest that provide shade, except for the barren lands-loamy areas. The result also indicates that tree-covered areas near the river in the suburban area afforded the best thermal experience with PMV of 2.1 and PET of 30.7. From the LULC comparison, it is pivotal to consider tree species (canopy density), surface material (albedo), sky-view factor, wind direction, and speed toward designing a more comfortable and sustainable environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee Bak Yeo & Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling & Mou Leong Tan & Pau Chung Leng, 2021. "Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:1:p:382-:d:474330
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sheikh Ahmad Zaki & Nor Suhada Azid & Mohd Fairuz Shahidan & Mohamad Zaki Hassan & Mohd Yusof Md Daud & Nor Azlina Abu Bakar & Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali & Fitri Yakub, 2020. "Analysis of Urban Morphological Effect on the Microclimate of the Urban Residential Area of Kampung Baru in Kuala Lumpur Using a Geospatial Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-29, September.
    2. Andreou, E., 2013. "Thermal comfort in outdoor spaces and urban canyon microclimate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 182-188.
    3. Lilliana L.H. Peng & C. Y. Jim, 2013. "Green-Roof Effects on Neighborhood Microclimate and Human Thermal Sensation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-21, January.
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    1. Haifang Tang & Junyou Liu & Bohong Zheng, 2022. "Study on the Green Space Patterns and Microclimate Simulation in Typical Urban Blocks in Central China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-39, November.

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