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Effects of Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators (SNP and GA3) on Phytoextraction by Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) Grown in Lead (Pb) Contaminated Soil

Author

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  • Adrianne Beavers

    (Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Kennesaw State University, 370 Paulding Ave., Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA)

  • Marina Koether

    (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, 370 Paulding Ave., Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA)

  • Thomas McElroy

    (Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Kennesaw State University, 370 Paulding Ave., Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA)

  • Sigurdur Greipsson

    (Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Kennesaw State University, 370 Paulding Ave., Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA)

Abstract

Soil lead (Pb) contamination is a major environmental and public health risk. Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ), a second-generation biofuel crop, is potentially useful for the long-term phytoremediation and phytoextraction of Pb contaminated soils. We evaluated the efficacy of a coordinated foliar application of plant growth regulators and soil fungicide and a chelator in order to optimize phytoextraction. Plants were grown in soil culture under controlled conditions. First, three exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors were evaluated at multiple concentrations: (1) S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP); (2) sodium nitroprusside (SNP); and (3) S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Second, the effect of SNP (0.5 μM) was examined further with the model chelate EDTA and the soil fungicide propicanazole. Third, a combined foliar application of SNP and gibberellic acid (GA3) was examined with EDTA and propicanazole. The soil application of propiconazole (a broad-spectrum fungicides) reduced AMF colonization and allowed greater Pb phytoextraction. The foliar application of SNP resulted in similar concentrations of Pb (roots and foliage) to plants that were challenged with chelates and soil fungicides. The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in significantly greater average Pb concentration (243 mg kg −1 ) in plant foliage in comparison to control plants (182 mg kg −1 ) and plants treated with GA3 alone (202 mg kg −1 ). The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in the greatest phytoextraction efficiency and could therefore potentially improve phytoextraction by switchgrass grown in Pb contaminated soils.

Suggested Citation

  • Adrianne Beavers & Marina Koether & Thomas McElroy & Sigurdur Greipsson, 2021. "Effects of Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators (SNP and GA3) on Phytoextraction by Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) Grown in Lead (Pb) Contaminated Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:19:p:10866-:d:647013
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nevin, Rick, 1999. "How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy," MPRA Paper 35324, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    Cited by:

    1. Qinqin Xu & Boran Wu & Xiaoli Chai, 2022. "In Situ Remediation Technology for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-15, December.

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