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Delamination-and Electromigration-Related Failures in Solar Panels—A Review

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  • Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Seyed Ahmad Shahahmadi

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad Nur E. Alam

    (School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia)

  • Mohammad Aminul Islam

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Nowshad Amin

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

The reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules operating under various weather conditions attracts the manufacturer’s concern since several studies reveal a degradation rate higher than 0.8% per year for the silicon-based technology and reached up to 2.76% per year in a harsh climate. The lifetime of the PV modules is decreased because of numerous degradation modes. Electromigration and delamination are two failure modes that play a significant role in PV modules’ output power losses. The correlations of these two phenomena are not sufficiently explained and understood like other failures such as corrosion and potential-induced degradation. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to elaborate on the correlation and the influence of delamination and electromigration on PV module components such as metallization and organic materials to ensure the reliability of the PV modules. Moreover, the effects, causes, and the sites that tend to face these failures, particularly the silicon solar cells, are explained in detail. Elsewhere, the factors of aging vary as the temperature and humidity change from one country to another. Hence, accelerated tests and the standards used to perform the aging test for PV modules have been covered in this review.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan & Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani & Seyed Ahmad Shahahmadi & Mohammad Nur E. Alam & Mohammad Aminul Islam & Nowshad Amin, 2021. "Delamination-and Electromigration-Related Failures in Solar Panels—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:12:p:6882-:d:577181
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj & Ali Mostafaeipour & Karthikeyan Velmurugan & Kuaanan Techato & Prem Kumar Chaurasiya & Jenoris Muthiya Solomon & Anitha Gopalan & Khamphe Phoungthong, 2021. "An Effective Evaluation on Fault Detection in Solar Panels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-14, November.
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    5. Gabriella-Stefánia Szabó & Róbert Szabó & Loránd Szabó, 2022. "A Review of the Mitigating Methods against the Energy Conversion Decrease in Solar Panels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-21, September.

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