IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i12p6882-d577181.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Delamination-and Electromigration-Related Failures in Solar Panels—A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Seyed Ahmad Shahahmadi

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad Nur E. Alam

    (School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia)

  • Mohammad Aminul Islam

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Nowshad Amin

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

The reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules operating under various weather conditions attracts the manufacturer’s concern since several studies reveal a degradation rate higher than 0.8% per year for the silicon-based technology and reached up to 2.76% per year in a harsh climate. The lifetime of the PV modules is decreased because of numerous degradation modes. Electromigration and delamination are two failure modes that play a significant role in PV modules’ output power losses. The correlations of these two phenomena are not sufficiently explained and understood like other failures such as corrosion and potential-induced degradation. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to elaborate on the correlation and the influence of delamination and electromigration on PV module components such as metallization and organic materials to ensure the reliability of the PV modules. Moreover, the effects, causes, and the sites that tend to face these failures, particularly the silicon solar cells, are explained in detail. Elsewhere, the factors of aging vary as the temperature and humidity change from one country to another. Hence, accelerated tests and the standards used to perform the aging test for PV modules have been covered in this review.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan & Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani & Seyed Ahmad Shahahmadi & Mohammad Nur E. Alam & Mohammad Aminul Islam & Nowshad Amin, 2021. "Delamination-and Electromigration-Related Failures in Solar Panels—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-23, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:12:p:6882-:d:577181
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/12/6882/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/12/6882/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Farrell, C.C. & Osman, A.I. & Doherty, R. & Saad, M. & Zhang, X. & Murphy, A. & Harrison, J. & Vennard, A.S.M. & Kumaravel, V. & Al-Muhtaseb, A.H. & Rooney, D.W., 2020. "Technical challenges and opportunities in realising a circular economy for waste photovoltaic modules," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    2. Kumar, Manish & Kumar, Arun, 2017. "Performance assessment and degradation analysis of solar photovoltaic technologies: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 554-587.
    3. Phinikarides, Alexander & Kindyni, Nitsa & Makrides, George & Georghiou, George E., 2014. "Review of photovoltaic degradation rate methodologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 143-152.
    4. Oliveira, Michele Cândida Carvalho de & Diniz Cardoso, Antônia Sonia Alves & Viana, Marcelo Machado & Lins, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha, 2018. "The causes and effects of degradation of encapsulant ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) in crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2299-2317.
    5. Sharma, Vikrant & Chandel, S.S., 2013. "Performance and degradation analysis for long term reliability of solar photovoltaic systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 753-767.
    6. Bouaichi, Abdellatif & Alami Merrouni, Ahmed & Hajjaj, Charaf & Messaoudi, Choukri & Ghennioui, Abdellatif & Benlarabi, Ahmed & Ikken, Badr & El Amrani, Aumeur & Zitouni, Houssin, 2019. "In-situ evaluation of the early PV module degradation of various technologies under harsh climatic conditions: The case of Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1500-1518.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj & Ali Mostafaeipour & Karthikeyan Velmurugan & Kuaanan Techato & Prem Kumar Chaurasiya & Jenoris Muthiya Solomon & Anitha Gopalan & Khamphe Phoungthong, 2021. "An Effective Evaluation on Fault Detection in Solar Panels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-14, November.
    2. Tuhibur Rahman & Ahmed Al Mansur & Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu & Md. Siddikur Rahman & Ratil H. Ashique & Mohamad Abou Houran & Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan & Eklas Hossain, 2023. "Investigation of Degradation of Solar Photovoltaics: A Review of Aging Factors, Impacts, and Future Directions toward Sustainable Energy Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-30, April.
    3. Meena, Roopmati & Pareek, Arti & Gupta, Rajesh, 2024. "A comprehensive Review on interfacial delamination in photovoltaic modules," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    4. Nowshad Amin & Sathiswary Santhiran & Nabilah Mat Kassim & Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani & Mohammad Aminul Islam & Mohd Yusrizal Mohd Yusof, 2023. "Impact Analysis of Metallization Design and Recombination Losses on Performance of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-10, September.
    5. Gabriella-Stefánia Szabó & Róbert Szabó & Loránd Szabó, 2022. "A Review of the Mitigating Methods against the Energy Conversion Decrease in Solar Panels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-21, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bouaichi, Abdellatif & El Amrani, Aumeur & Ouhadou, Malika & Lfakir, Aberrazak & Messaoudi, Choukri, 2020. "In-situ performance and degradation of three different photovoltaic module technologies installed in arid climate of Morocco," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    2. Atsu, Divine & Seres, Istvan & Aghaei, Mohammadreza & Farkas, Istvan, 2020. "Analysis of long-term performance and reliability of PV modules under tropical climatic conditions in sub-Saharan," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 285-295.
    3. Kim, Byungil & Kim, Changyoon, 2018. "Estimating the effect of module failures on the gross generation of a photovoltaic system using agent-based modeling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1019-1024.
    4. Fernández-Solas, Álvaro & Micheli, Leonardo & Almonacid, Florencia & Fernández, Eduardo F., 2021. "Optical degradation impact on the spectral performance of photovoltaic technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    5. Bouaichi, Abdellatif & Alami Merrouni, Ahmed & Hajjaj, Charaf & Messaoudi, Choukri & Ghennioui, Abdellatif & Benlarabi, Ahmed & Ikken, Badr & El Amrani, Aumeur & Zitouni, Houssin, 2019. "In-situ evaluation of the early PV module degradation of various technologies under harsh climatic conditions: The case of Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1500-1518.
    6. Nivelle, Philippe & Tsanakas, John A. & Poortmans, Jef & Daenen, Michaël, 2021. "Stress and strain within photovoltaic modules using the finite element method: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    7. Waqar Akram, M. & Li, Guiqiang & Jin, Yi & Chen, Xiao, 2022. "Failures of Photovoltaic modules and their Detection: A Review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    8. Nain, Preeti & Kumar, Arun, 2020. "Understanding the possibility of material release from end-of-life solar modules: A study based on literature review and survey analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 903-918.
    9. Kahoul, Nabil & Chenni, Rachid & Cheghib, Hocine & Mekhilef, Saad, 2017. "Evaluating the reliability of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules in harsh environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 66-72.
    10. Meena, Roopmati & Pareek, Arti & Gupta, Rajesh, 2024. "A comprehensive Review on interfacial delamination in photovoltaic modules," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    11. Hassan Daher, Daha & Gaillard, Léon & Ménézo, Christophe, 2022. "Experimental assessment of long-term performance degradation for a PV power plant operating in a desert maritime climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 44-55.
    12. Kichou, Sofiane & Silvestre, Santiago & Nofuentes, Gustavo & Torres-Ramírez, Miguel & Chouder, Aissa & Guasch, Daniel, 2016. "Characterization of degradation and evaluation of model parameters of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules under outdoor long term exposure," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 231-241.
    13. Ameur, Arechkik & Berrada, Asmae & Bouaichi, Abdellatif & Loudiyi, Khalid, 2022. "Long-term performance and degradation analysis of different PV modules under temperate climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 37-51.
    14. Bouaichi, Abdellatif & Merrouni, Ahmed Alami & El Amrani, Aumeur & Jaeckel, Bengt & Hajjaj, Charaf & Naimi, Zakaria & Messaoudi, Choukri, 2022. "Long-term experiment on p-type crystalline PV module with potential induced degradation: Impact on power performance and evaluation of recovery mode," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 472-479.
    15. Koester, L. & Lindig, S. & Louwen, A. & Astigarraga, A. & Manzolini, G. & Moser, D., 2022. "Review of photovoltaic module degradation, field inspection techniques and techno-economic assessment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    16. Maruthi Prasad, R. & Krishnamoorthy, A., 2018. "Design, construction, testing and performance of split power solar source using mirror photovoltaic glass for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 374-387.
    17. Jaeun Kim & Matheus Rabelo & Siva Parvathi Padi & Hasnain Yousuf & Eun-Chel Cho & Junsin Yi, 2021. "A Review of the Degradation of Photovoltaic Modules for Life Expectancy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-21, July.
    18. Mateo, C. & Hernández-Fenollosa, M.A. & Montero, Á. & Seguí-Chilet, S., 2022. "Ageing and seasonal effects on amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules in a Mediterranean climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 74-88.
    19. Tsanakas, John A. & Ha, Long & Buerhop, Claudia, 2016. "Faults and infrared thermographic diagnosis in operating c-Si photovoltaic modules: A review of research and future challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 695-709.
    20. Nadka Tz. Dintcheva & Elisabetta Morici & Claudio Colletti, 2023. "Encapsulant Materials and Their Adoption in Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-13, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:12:p:6882-:d:577181. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.