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Investigating the Potential of Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Rural Artisanal Cobalt Mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Author

Listed:
  • Chloe Brown

    (School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
    Rights Lab, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Anna Daniels

    (School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Doreen S. Boyd

    (School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
    Rights Lab, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Andrew Sowter

    (Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
    Terra Motion Limited, Ingenuity Centre, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK)

  • Giles Foody

    (School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
    Rights Lab, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Siddharth Kara

    (Rights Lab, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
    School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

Abstract

Greater awareness of the serious human rights abuses associated with the extraction and trade of cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has applied increasing pressure for businesses to move towards more responsible and sustainable mineral sourcing. Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities in rural and remote locations may provide heightened opportunities to conceal the alleged human rights violations associated with mining, such as: hazardous working conditions, health impacts, child labour, child trafficking, and debt bondage. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of the Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (ISBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) method, teamed with high temporal frequency Sentinel-1 imagery, for monitoring ASM activity in rural locations of the “Copperbelt”, the DRC. The results show that the ISBAS descriptive variables (mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were significantly different ( p -value = ≤ 0.05) between mining and non-mining areas. Additionally, a significant difference was found for the ISBAS descriptive variables mean, standard deviation, and minimum between the different mine types (industrial, surface, and tunnels). As expected, a high level of subsidence (i.e., negative ISBAS pixel value) was a clear indicator of mine activity. Trial activity thresholds were set for the descriptive variables mean (-2.43 mm/yr) and minimum (-5.36 mm/yr) to explore an ISBAS approach to active mine identification. The study concluded that the ISBAS method has great potential as a monitoring tool for ASM, with the ability to separate mining and non-mining areas based on surface motion values, and further distinguish the different mine types (industrial, surface, and tunnel). Ground data collection and further development of ISBAS analysis needs to be made to fully understand the value of an ISBAS-based ASM monitoring system. In particular, surrounding the impact of seasonality relative to longer-term trends in ASM activity.

Suggested Citation

  • Chloe Brown & Anna Daniels & Doreen S. Boyd & Andrew Sowter & Giles Foody & Siddharth Kara, 2020. "Investigating the Potential of Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Rural Artisanal Cobalt Mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-20, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:23:p:9834-:d:450539
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bester Tawona Mudereri & Elfatih M. Abdel-Rahman & Shepard Ndlela & Louisa Delfin Mutsa Makumbe & Christabel Chiedza Nyanga & Henri E. Z. Tonnang & Samira A. Mohamed, 2022. "Integrating the Strength of Multi-Date Sentinel-1 and -2 Datasets for Detecting Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) Orchards in a Semi-Arid Environment in Zimbabwe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-23, May.
    2. Zoe Trodd & Catherine Waite & James Goulding & Doreen S. Boyd, 2024. "Beyond the Walls: Patterns of Child Labour, Forced Labour, and Exploitation in a New Domestic Workers Dataset," Societies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-28, May.
    3. Doreen S. Boyd & Bertrand Perrat & Xiaodong Li & Bethany Jackson & Todd Landman & Feng Ling & Kevin Bales & Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick & James Goulding & Stuart Marsh & Giles M. Foody, 2021. "Informing action for United Nations SDG target 8.7 and interdependent SDGs: Examining modern slavery from space," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 8(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Chloe Brown & Doreen S. Boyd & Siddharth Kara, 2022. "Landscape Analysis of Cobalt Mining Activities from 2009 to 2021 Using Very High Resolution Satellite Data (Democratic Republic of the Congo)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-20, August.

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