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Research and Development as a Moderating Variable for Sustainable Economic Performance: The Asian, European, and Kuwaiti Models

Author

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  • Ahmad Salman

    (Ministry of Health, Safat 13001, Kuwait)

  • Ali Al-Hemoud

    (Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait)

  • Saja A. Fakhraldeen

    (Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait)

  • Maha Al-Nashmi

    (Research and Development Unit, Center for Excellence, Faculty of Allied Health, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait)

  • Suad M. AlFadhli

    (Research and Development Unit, Center for Excellence, Faculty of Allied Health, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait)

  • Sungsoo Chun

    (United Nations Development Programme, Safat 13030, Kuwait)

Abstract

The research and development (R&D) expenditure in Kuwait is insufficient to lead to innovation and a knowledge economy. Investment in R&D has been shown to sustain elevated economic performance. The objective of this study is to explore the association between three competing dimensions of R&D indicators that lead to sustainable economic performance within any given country, namely, R&D expenditure, the number of researchers, and the number of patent rights, using time-series data collected over a 20-year period (1996–2016) by the World Bank Group. R&D indicators were compared between high- and middle-income countries including models from Asian (South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia) and European (Finland and Ireland) countries as well as the State of Kuwait. Moreover, a case study describing R&D investments in Kuwait is presented. Overall, the results reveal higher R&D spending, number of researchers, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for the Asian and European models. Current R&D expenditure in Kuwait is estimated at 0.08% of GDP (2016), which is significantly lower than the mean of the middle-income countries (1.58%). Furthermore, the number of researchers (per million) in Kuwait (386) is less than half of the mean number of researchers in middle-income countries (775) (2015). Low R&D investments in the State of Kuwait has gradually led to a decreased GDP per capita. Regression analysis shows that GDP per capita can be predicted solely based on the number of researchers (beta = 0.780, R 2 = 0.608). The number of researchers is the most crucial variable to predict GDP per capita, and the R&D expenditure is a good indicator of the number of researchers. These findings offer invaluable insight into the sustainable development goals (SDG 9). To our knowledge, this paper presents the first application of the effect of R&D on sustainable economic performance with reference to the SDG target 9.5 “Research & Development”. Thus, in order to enhance scientific research (both academic, professional, and industrial), countries need to increase the number of researchers, and these actions are necessary to introduce sustainable growth to GDP.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad Salman & Ali Al-Hemoud & Saja A. Fakhraldeen & Maha Al-Nashmi & Suad M. AlFadhli & Sungsoo Chun, 2020. "Research and Development as a Moderating Variable for Sustainable Economic Performance: The Asian, European, and Kuwaiti Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:18:p:7525-:d:412525
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    2. Estevão, João & Lopes, José Dias & Penela, Daniela, 2023. "SDG9 and the competitiveness: Employing mixed methods to understand how countries can use science to compete," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    3. Cornel Zamfirescu & Andrei Cotirla, 2024. "The New Model of Sustainable Development and Economic Performance at European Level in the Current Geopolitical Context," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 2, pages 115-125.
    4. Prabath Chaminda Abeysiriwardana & Udith K. Jayasinghe-Mudalige & Saluka R. Kodituwakku, 2023. "Qualitative Inquiries by Transitioning to ‘Digital Methods’: A Case Study on Leaders’ Perspectives of Agriculture Research Management by Key Performance Indicators," Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research, , vol. 22(2), pages 178-192, December.
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