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Temporal Changes in Multiple Ecosystem Services and Their Bundles Responding to Urbanization and Ecological Restoration in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Metropolitan Area

Author

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  • Yanying Yang

    (State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

  • Hua Zheng

    (State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

  • Weihua Xu

    (State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

  • Lu Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

  • Zhiyun Ouyang

    (State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

Abstract

By 2050, 70% of the human population is likely to be living in cities, making urbanization an increasing global trend. Detecting changes in ecosystem services (ES) and their bundles in response to urbanization is critical for evaluating land-use policies. We examined changes in the provision of grains, vegetables, fruits, carbon sequestration, soil retention, sandstorm prevention, and water retention from 2000 to 2010 in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan area, China; then, using a k-means cluster analysis, we classified 202 counties of this area into groups (bundles) based on their similar sets of ES. We found that (1) urban area, forestland, and grassland increased by 22%, 3.6%, and 1.7%, respectively, while cropland decreased by 4.6%; (2) the provision of grains, vegetables, and fruits increased by 24–90%, despite an overall loss in cropland; carbon storage and sand retention increased by 40% and 7%, respectively, while soil and water retention increased slightly by approx. 1% each; (3) 72 counties changed their ES bundles; and the “agriculture bundle” dominated the landscape in 2000 while it decreased by 50% in 2010 and was mainly transformed to “sub-developed urban bundle”, indicating loss of cropland during that decade. The transformation of ES bundles can be used to understand the effects of urbanization. The study indicated that improved technologies and ecological restoration in rural areas can help sustain multiple ES in our rapidly urbanizing world.

Suggested Citation

  • Yanying Yang & Hua Zheng & Weihua Xu & Lu Zhang & Zhiyun Ouyang, 2019. "Temporal Changes in Multiple Ecosystem Services and Their Bundles Responding to Urbanization and Ecological Restoration in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Metropolitan Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:7:p:2079-:d:220772
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zhao, Mingyue & Peng, Jian & Liu, Yuanxin & Li, Tianyi & Wang, Yanglin, 2018. "Mapping Watershed-Level Ecosystem Service Bundles in the Pearl River Delta, China," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 106-117.
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    5. Lingqiao Kong & Hua Zheng & Yi Xiao & Zhiyun Ouyang & Cong Li & Jingjing Zhang & Binbin Huang, 2018. "Mapping Ecosystem Service Bundles to Detect Distinct Types of Multifunctionality within the Diverse Landscape of the Yangtze River Basin, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, March.
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    1. Fang Tang & Yangbing Li & Xiuming Liu & Juan Huang & Yiyi Zhang & Qian Xu, 2023. "Understanding the Relationships between Landscape Eco-Security and Multifunctionality in Cropland: Implications for Supporting Cropland Management Decisions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-26, January.
    2. Wan-Li Zhang & Chun-Ping Chang & Yang Xuan, 2022. "The impacts of climate change on bank performance: What’s the mediating role of natural disasters?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 1913-1952, August.
    3. Hui Wen & Jiquan Chen & Zhifang Wang, 2020. "Disproportioned Performances of Protected Areas in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-15, August.
    4. Paulin, M.J. & Remme, R.P. & de Nijs, T. & Rutgers, M. & Koopman, K.R. & de Knegt, B. & van der Hoek, D.C.J. & Breure, A.M., 2020. "Application of the Natural Capital Model to assess changes in ecosystem services from changes in green infrastructure in Amsterdam," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).

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