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Air Quality Standards and Extreme Ozone Events in the São Paulo Megacity

Author

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  • Júlio Barboza Chiquetto

    (Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-050, Brazil)

  • Maria Elisa Siqueira Silva

    (Department of Geography; University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil)

  • William Cabral-Miranda

    (Department of Geography; University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil)

  • Flávia Noronha Dutra Ribeiro

    (Department of Environmental Management; University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 03828-000, Brazil)

  • Sergio Alejandro Ibarra-Espinosa

    (Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
    Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 03178-200, Brazil)

  • Rita Yuri Ynoue

    (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 03178-200, Brazil)

Abstract

Ozone events in South America might be triggered by increasing air temperatures and dry conditions, leading to vulnerable population exposure. The current air quality standards and attention levels in São Paulo state, Brazil, are 40% higher and 25% higher, respectively, than the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). We simulated an extreme ozone event in the São Paulo megacity using the Weather Research and Forecast/Chemistry model during an extreme event characterized by positive anomalies of air temperature and solar radiation. Results were evaluated using the different air quality limits from São Paulo state and the WHO, also with socioeconomic vulnerability data from the Brazilian census and cost analysis for the public health system from the extreme episode. More than 3 million people in vulnerability conditions, such as low income and families with an above-average percentage of children, live in areas where ozone concentrations exceeded the attention levels of the WHO during the episode, which is ignored by the lenient SP state environmental laws. WHO air quality guidelines must be adopted urgently in developing nations in order to provide a more accurate basis for cost analysis and population exposure, particularly the for vulnerable population groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Júlio Barboza Chiquetto & Maria Elisa Siqueira Silva & William Cabral-Miranda & Flávia Noronha Dutra Ribeiro & Sergio Alejandro Ibarra-Espinosa & Rita Yuri Ynoue, 2019. "Air Quality Standards and Extreme Ozone Events in the São Paulo Megacity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:13:p:3725-:d:246613
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniela Dias & António Pais Antunes & Oxana Tchepel, 2019. "Modelling of Emissions and Energy Use from Biofuel Fuelled Vehicles at Urban Scale," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Salvo, A & Geiger, F, 2014. "Reduction in Local Ozone Levels in Urban São Paulo Due to a Shift from Ethanol to Gasoline Use," MPRA Paper 57868, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 18 Feb 2014.
    3. Hyun-Joo Bae & Jung Eun Kang & Yu-Ra Lim, 2019. "Assessing the Health Vulnerability Caused by Climate and Air Pollution in Korea Using the Fuzzy TOPSIS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-15, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Qian Chen & Dongsheng Wang & Xiaobing Li & Bai Li & Ruifeng Song & Hongdi He & Zhongren Peng, 2019. "Vertical Characteristics of Winter Ozone Distribution within the Boundary Layer in Shanghai Based on Hexacopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Platform," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Kenza Khomsi & Youssef Chelhaoui & Soukaina Alilou & Rania Souri & Houda Najmi & Zineb Souhaili, 2022. "Concurrent Heat Waves and Extreme Ozone (O 3 ) Episodes: Combined Atmospheric Patterns and Impact on Human Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-15, February.

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