IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v10y2018i5p1498-d145405.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Balancing Project Financing and Mezzanine Project Financing with Option Value to Mitigate Sponsor’s Risks for Overseas Investment Projects

Author

Listed:
  • Jae-Il Yoo

    (Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO), Donghaean-Ro 6261, Nam-Ku, Pohang 37859, Korea)

  • Eul-Bum Lee

    (Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology & Graduate School of Engineering Mastership, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Ku, Pohang 37673, Korea)

  • Jin-Woo Choi

    (Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology & Graduate School of Engineering Mastership, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Ku, Pohang 37673, Korea)

Abstract

Major steel-making companies in Korea have recently been trying to advance into international markets for better profitability and new market shares. Even with strategic partnerships with local organizations, the Korean steel companies are facing and incurring significant risks which impact their ability to achieve a sustainable profit. The objective of this research is to determine an optimum combination of financial models, specifically Project (PF) and Mezzanine Financing (MF) with an option (convertible bond and bond with warrant). The results of the proposed model can lower interest rates of financing, thereby increasing the profitability of the project investors. To analyze the MF method’s effectiveness and proper use, the following three steps are applied: (1) Monte-Carlo Simulations (MCS) using Excel and @Risk software are performed for the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project and its volatility; (2) the Black-Scholes model (BSM) is applied to evaluate MF based on project value; and (3) interest rate of MF is calculated from its option value and is reapplied back to the NPV calculation of the project to determine the effects of MF. Assuming a 50% debt/equity ratio, these simulations were performed on five cases (50% senior debt, 0% MF for a base case then increasing MF and decreasing senior debt by 10% four times). Through this process, using the 10%, MF lowered the borrowing size by 20% and using MF continued to lower the borrowing size up to 40% borrowing when using 40% MF. Based on this result, the researchers support the use of MF to optimize Korean steel international financial models. The resultant data will serve as an effective method to increase net cash flow in overseas steel-plant project investments. This research was performed for a steel plant located in Iran as a case-study, but this optimized financing method using MF with an option product can be applied sustainably not only for overseas investment of steel plants but also any other business, such as oil & gas, power generation, and transportation industries.

Suggested Citation

  • Jae-Il Yoo & Eul-Bum Lee & Jin-Woo Choi, 2018. "Balancing Project Financing and Mezzanine Project Financing with Option Value to Mitigate Sponsor’s Risks for Overseas Investment Projects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:1498-:d:145405
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/5/1498/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/5/1498/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Isik Inselbag & Howard Kaufold, 1997. "Two Dcf Approaches For Valuing Companies Under Alternative Financing Strategies (And How To Choose Between Them)," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 10(1), pages 114-122, March.
    2. Black, Fischer & Scholes, Myron S, 1973. "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 637-654, May-June.
    3. Yonggu Kim & Keeyoung Shin & Joseph Ahn & Eul-Bum Lee, 2017. "Probabilistic Cash Flow-Based Optimal Investment Timing Using Two-Color Rainbow Options Valuation for Economic Sustainability Appraisement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-16, October.
    4. Miles, James A. & Ezzell, John R., 1980. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Perfect Capital Markets, and Project Life: A Clarification," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 719-730, September.
    5. Yonggu Kim & Eul-Bum Lee, 2018. "A Probabilistic Alternative Approach to Optimal Project Profitability Based on the Value-at-Risk," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-24, March.
    6. Lee, Cheuk Wing & Zhong, Jin, 2015. "Financing and risk management of renewable energy projects with a hybrid bond," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 779-787.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Dong-Hyun Kim & Eul-Bum Lee & In-Hyeo Jung & Douglas Alleman, 2019. "The Efficacy of the Tolling Model’s Ability to Improve Project Profitability on International Steel Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-18, March.
    2. Nima Pirhadi & Xiaowei Tang & Qing Yang & Fei Kang, 2018. "A New Equation to Evaluate Liquefaction Triggering Using the Response Surface Method and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-24, December.
    3. Yijuan Liang & Xiuchuan Xu, 2019. "Variance and Dimension Reduction Monte Carlo Method for Pricing European Multi-Asset Options with Stochastic Volatilities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-21, February.
    4. Zbigniew Kurylek & Dariusz Porebski, 2022. "Mezzanine Capital Analysis and Financing Results for Companies," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 267-282.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Axel Pierru & Denis Babusiaux, 2000. "Coût du capital et étude de rentabilité d'investissement : une formulation unique de l'ensemble des méthodes," Working Papers hal-02437423, HAL.
    2. Fernandez, Pablo, 2003. "Equivalence of ten different methods for valuing companies by cash flow discounting," IESE Research Papers D/524, IESE Business School.
    3. Ignacio Vélez-Pareja & Rauf Ibragimov & Joseph Tham, 2008. "Constant Leverage And Constant Cost Of Capital: A Common Knowledge Half-Truth," Estudios Gerenciales, Universidad Icesi, June.
    4. Fernandez, Pablo, 2005. "Financial literature about discounted cash flow valuation," IESE Research Papers D/606, IESE Business School.
    5. Ignacio Velez-Pareja & Julian Benavides Franco, 2011. "Cost of Capital when Dividends are Deductible," Brazilian Review of Finance, Brazilian Society of Finance, vol. 9(3), pages 309-334.
    6. Fernandez, Pablo, 2004. "Equivalence of ten different discounted cash flow valuation methods," IESE Research Papers D/549, IESE Business School.
    7. David Babbel & Craig Merrill, 1998. "Economic Valuation Models for Insurers," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(3), pages 1-15.
    8. Yijuan Liang & Xiuchuan Xu, 2019. "Variance and Dimension Reduction Monte Carlo Method for Pricing European Multi-Asset Options with Stochastic Volatilities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-21, February.
    9. Andreas Schüler, 2021. "Cross-border DCF valuation: discounting cash flows in foreign currency," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 91(5), pages 617-654, July.
    10. Fernandez, Pablo, 2004. "The value of tax shields is NOT equal to the present value of tax shields," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(1), pages 145-165, July.
    11. Richard Sweeney, 2014. "Equivalent valuations in cash flow and accounting models," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 29-49, January.
    12. Michael Dempsey, 2019. "Discounting methods and personal taxes," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 25(2), pages 310-324, March.
    13. Schauten Marc B. J., 2013. "Three discount methods for valuing projects and the required return on equity," Contaduría y Administración, Accounting and Management, vol. 58(1), pages 63-85, enero-mar.
    14. Michael Dempsey, 2015. "Stock Markets, Investments and Corporate Behavior:A Conceptual Framework of Understanding," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number p1007, December.
    15. Mike Dempsey, 2013. "Consistent Cash Flow Valuation with Tax†Deductible Debt: a Clarification," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 19(4), pages 830-836, September.
    16. Wolfgang Schultze & Martin Meyer, 2005. "Die Kapitalflussrechnung in der Unternehmensbewertung: Bewertungskalkül und Gestaltungshinweise," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 289-324, September.
    17. Lin, Hsuan-Chu & Chou, Ting-Kai & Wang, Wen-Gine, 2012. "Capital structure and executive compensation contract design: A theoretical and empirical analysis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 209-224.
    18. Dirk Beyer, 2018. "A matrix approach to valuation and performance measurement based on accounting information considering different financing policies," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 37-61, March.
    19. Fernandez, Pablo, 2004. "Value of tax shields and the risk of the net increase of debt, The. Year 2004," IESE Research Papers D/544, IESE Business School.
    20. Christian Koziol, 2014. "A simple correction of the WACC discount rate for default risk and bankruptcy costs," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 653-666, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:1498-:d:145405. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.