IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jbecon/v91y2021i5d10.1007_s11573-020-01013-w.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cross-border DCF valuation: discounting cash flows in foreign currency

Author

Listed:
  • Andreas Schüler

    (Universität der Bundeswehr München, Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Organisationswissenschaften, Professur für Finanzwirtschaft & Finanzdienstleistungen)

Abstract

The paper seeks to develop a comprehensive framework to cross-border discounted cash flow valuation. Although the literature on company valuation and on international financial management is vast, such a framework has not yet been proposed. We build upon well-known fundamentals and relevant contributions, e.g. on the derivation of the risk-adjusted rate of return. Relevant risks are exchange rate risk, business risk, financial risk, the risk of the tax effects induced by debt financing, and the risk of default. Additional tax effects beyond the well-known tax shield on interest expenses must be considered. Risk discounts from cash flows and risk premia to be added to risk-free interest rates are derived according to the global capital asset pricing model. A conceptual choice occurs not only between the foreign currency and the home currency approach, but also regarding the estimation of future exchange rates. The paper shows how a valuation can be implemented with or without consideration of covariances between cash flows and rate of returns with exchange rates. It also derives the discount rates if forward exchange rates are applied. We discuss the consequences of assuming the uncovered interest parity to hold. We assume deterministic debt and apply the adjusted present value approach. In addition, we derive the RADR to be used in the flow to equity and weighted average cost of capital approach. The paper addresses not only the valuation of a foreign company, but also the valuation of a domestic company that generates cash flows in foreign currency and/or uses debt in foreign currency.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas Schüler, 2021. "Cross-border DCF valuation: discounting cash flows in foreign currency," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 91(5), pages 617-654, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jbecon:v:91:y:2021:i:5:d:10.1007_s11573-020-01013-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s11573-020-01013-w
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11573-020-01013-w
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11573-020-01013-w?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jeremy J. Siegel, 1972. "Risk, Interest Rates and the Forward Exchange," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 86(2), pages 303-309.
    2. Hodder, James E & Senbet, Lemma W, 1990. "International Capital Structure Equilibrium," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(5), pages 1495-1516, December.
    3. Lessard, Donald R., 1979. "Evaluating foreign projects : an adjusted present value approach," Working papers 1062-79., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
    4. Ian A. Cooper & Kjell G. Nyborg, 2008. "Tax‐Adjusted Discount Rates with Investor Taxes and Risky Debt," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 37(2), pages 365-379, June.
    5. Mehra, Rajnish, 1978. "On the Financing and Investment Decisions of Multinational Firms in the Presence of Exchange Risk," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(2), pages 227-244, June.
    6. Isik Inselbag & Howard Kaufold, 1997. "Two Dcf Approaches For Valuing Companies Under Alternative Financing Strategies (And How To Choose Between Them)," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 10(1), pages 114-122, March.
    7. Bekaert,Geert & Hodrick,Robert, 2018. "International Financial Management," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781107111820, November.
    8. Schall, Lawrence D, 1972. "Asset Valuation, Firm Investment, and Firm Diversification," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 45(1), pages 11-28, January.
    9. Solnik, Bruno, 1993. "Currency Hedging and Siegel's Paradox: On Black's Universal Hedging Rule," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 1(2), pages 180-187, June.
    10. Solnik, Bruno H., 1974. "An equilibrium model of the international capital market," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 500-524, August.
    11. Rubinstein, Mark E, 1973. "A Mean-Variance Synthesis of Corporate Financial Theory," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 28(1), pages 167-181, March.
    12. Marko Volker Krause & Alexander Lahmann, 2016. "Reconsidering the appropriate discount rate for tax shield valuation," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 86(5), pages 477-512, July.
    13. René M. Stulz, 1995. "The cost of capital in internationally integrated markets: The case of Nestlé," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 1(1), pages 11-22, March.
    14. Senbet, Lemma W., 1979. "International Capital Market Equilibrium and the Multinational Firm Financing and Investment Policies," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(3), pages 455-480, September.
    15. Miles, James A. & Ezzell, John R., 1980. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Perfect Capital Markets, and Project Life: A Clarification," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 719-730, September.
    16. Chowdhry, Bhagwan & Coval, Joshua D., 1998. "Internal financing of multinational subsidiaries: Debt vs. equity1," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 87-106, March.
    17. Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1969. "A Re-Examination of the Modigliani-Miller Theorem," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 59(5), pages 784-793, December.
    18. Fama, Eugene F., 1977. "Risk-adjusted discount rates and capital budgeting under uncertainty," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 3-24, August.
    19. Gordon A. Sick, 1990. "Tax-Adjusted Discount Rates," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 36(12), pages 1432-1450, December.
    20. Cox, John C. & Ross, Stephen A. & Rubinstein, Mark, 1979. "Option pricing: A simplified approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 229-263, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fischer, Max & Krause, Marko & Lahmann, Alexander & Stimper, Franziska, 2022. "Firm valuation with state dependent COD taxation," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 550-561.
    2. Sven Arnold & Alexander Lahmann & Bernhard Schwetzler, 2018. "Discontinuous financing based on market values and the value of tax shields," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 11(1), pages 149-171, February.
    3. Valentin Haag & Christian Koziol, 2023. "Company Cost of Capital and Leverage: A Simplified Textbook Relationship Revisited," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 75(1), pages 37-69, March.
    4. Marc Steffen Rapp, 2006. "Die arbitragefreie Adjustierung von Diskontierungssätzen bei einfacher Gewinnsteuer," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 58(6), pages 771-806, September.
    5. Stefan Dierkes & Imke Maeyer, 2022. "Terminal value calculation with discontinuous financing and debt categories," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(7), pages 1207-1248, September.
    6. Marko Volker Krause & Alexander Lahmann, 2016. "Reconsidering the appropriate discount rate for tax shield valuation," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 86(5), pages 477-512, July.
    7. Krause, Marko & Lahmann, Alexander, 2017. "Valuation effects of taxes on debt cancellation," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 346-354.
    8. Alexander Lahmann & Maximilian Schreiter & Bernhard Schwetzler, 2018. "Der Einfluss von Insolvenz, Kapitalstruktur und Fremdkapitalfälligkeit auf den Unternehmenswert [The Impact of Default Risk, Capital Structure, and Debt Maturity on Firm Value]," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 70(1), pages 73-123, March.
    9. Nyborg, Kjell & Molnár, Peter, 2011. "Tax-Adjusted Discount Rates: A General Formula under Constant Leverage Ratios," CEPR Discussion Papers 8330, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    10. Peter Molnár & Kjell G. Nyborg, 2013. "Tax†adjusted Discount Rates: a General Formula under Constant Leverage Ratios," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 19(3), pages 419-428, June.
    11. Michael Dempsey, 2019. "Discounting methods and personal taxes," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 25(2), pages 310-324, March.
    12. O’Brien, Thomas J., 2022. "Cross-border valuation using the International CAPM and the constant perpetual growth model," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    13. Mike Dempsey, 2013. "Consistent Cash Flow Valuation with Tax†Deductible Debt: a Clarification," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 19(4), pages 830-836, September.
    14. Stefan Dierkes & Imke de Maeyer, 2020. "Valuation with mixed financing strategies," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 13(3), pages 1317-1341, November.
    15. Wolfgang Breuer & Santiago Ruiz de Vargas, 2021. "Some key developments in international financial management," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 91(5), pages 595-615, July.
    16. Robert A. Taggart, Jr., 1989. "Consistent Valuation and Cost of Capital Expressions with Corporate and Personal TAxes," NBER Working Papers 3074, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    17. Samis, Michael & Davis, Graham A. & Laughton, David & Poulin, Richard, 2005. "Valuing uncertain asset cash flows when there are no options: A real options approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 285-298, December.
    18. Dirk Beyer, 2018. "A matrix approach to valuation and performance measurement based on accounting information considering different financing policies," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 37-61, March.
    19. Christian Koziol, 2014. "A simple correction of the WACC discount rate for default risk and bankruptcy costs," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 653-666, May.
    20. Andreas Schueler, 2021. "Executive Compensation and Company Valuation," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 57(2), pages 297-324, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Exchange risk; Foreign currency; Cross-border valuation; Valuation; International finance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • M16 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - International Business Administration

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jbecon:v:91:y:2021:i:5:d:10.1007_s11573-020-01013-w. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.