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Landfill Final Cover Systems Design for Arid Areas Using the HELP Model: A Case Study in the Babylon Governorate, Iraq

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  • Ali Chabuk

    (Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
    Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon 51001, Iraq)

  • Nadhir Al-Ansari

    (Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden)

  • Karwan Alkaradaghi

    (Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
    Kurdistan Institution for strategic studies and scientific Research, Sulaimaniyah 460013, Iraq)

  • Abdulla Mustafa Muhamed Al-Rawabdeh

    (Abdullah Mustafa Muhamed Al-Rawabdeh, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, P:BOX 566, 21163, Jordan)

  • Jan Laue

    (Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden)

  • Hussain Musa Hussain

    (Remote Sensing Center, University of Kufa, Kufa, 54003, Iraq
    Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, 54003, Iraq)

  • Roland Pusch

    (Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden)

  • Sven Knutsson

    (Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden)

Abstract

The main purpose of selecting proper designs for landfills is to accommodate quantities of waste without having a negative effect on the surrounding environment and human health. The Babylon Governorate (province) in Iraq was taken as an example of an arid area with very shallow groundwater and where irregular waste disposal sites had developed that had not been subject to international standards when they were selected for landfill use. In the current study, the suggested design for landfills is a base liner and final cover system. In this suggested design, the final cover system allows for three scenarios. The first scenario considers an evapotranspiration soil cover (ET) (capillary barriers type), the second scenario is a modified cover design of “RCRA Subtitle D”, and the third scenario is a combination of the first and second scenarios. The HELP 3.95 D model was applied to the selected landfill sites in the governorate to check if there was any penetration of the leachate that might in future percolate from the landfill’s bottom barrier layer in arid areas. The results from the suggested landfill design showed that there was no leachate percolation from the bottom barrier layer using the second and third scenarios. For the first scenario, however, there was a small amount of leachate through the bottom barrier layer in the years 2013 and 2014.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Chabuk & Nadhir Al-Ansari & Karwan Alkaradaghi & Abdulla Mustafa Muhamed Al-Rawabdeh & Jan Laue & Hussain Musa Hussain & Roland Pusch & Sven Knutsson, 2018. "Landfill Final Cover Systems Design for Arid Areas Using the HELP Model: A Case Study in the Babylon Governorate, Iraq," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-27, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:12:p:4568-:d:187548
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ali Chabuk & Nadhir Al-Ansari & Mohammad Ezz-Aldeen & Jan Laue & Roland Pusch & Hussain Musa Hussain & Sven Knutsson, 2018. "Two Scenarios for Landfills Design in Special Conditions Using the HELP Model: A Case Study in Babylon Governorate, Iraq," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-27, January.
    2. Sapfo Τsolaki-Fiaka & George D. Bathrellos & Hariklia D. Skilodimou, 2018. "Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for an Abandoned Quarry in the Evros Region (NE Greece)," Land, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-16, April.
    3. Ali Chabuk & Nadhir Al-Ansari & Hussain Musa Hussain & Sven Knutsson & Roland Pusch & Jan Laue, 2017. "Combining GIS Applications and Method of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (AHP) for Landfill Siting in Al-Hashimiyah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-17, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yibo Zhang & Yan Liu & Xuefeng Min & Qifan Jiang & Weizhou Su, 2022. "Selection of Landfill Cover Materials Based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)—A Case Study on Four Typical Covering Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-13, August.

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