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Discretization of Fractional Operators: Analysis by Means of Advanced Computational Techniques

Author

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  • Jose Tenreiro Machado

    (Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Alexandra M. Galhano

    (Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Engenharias e Tecnologias, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Carla S. Cordeiro

    (Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Engenharias e Tecnologias, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal)

Abstract

This paper studies the discretization of fractional operators by means of advanced clustering methods. The Grünwald–Letnikov fractional operator is approximated by series generated by the Euler, Tustin and generalized mean. The series for different fractional orders form the objects to be assessed. For this purpose, the several distances associated with the hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling computational techniques are tested. The Arc-cosine distance and the 3-dim multidimensional scaling produce good results. The visualization of the graphical representations allows a better understanding of the properties embedded in each type of approximation of the fractional operators.

Suggested Citation

  • Jose Tenreiro Machado & Alexandra M. Galhano & Carla S. Cordeiro, 2021. "Discretization of Fractional Operators: Analysis by Means of Advanced Computational Techniques," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(19), pages 1-16, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:9:y:2021:i:19:p:2429-:d:647090
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    References listed on IDEAS

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