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Preprocessing of Spectroscopic Data Using Affine Transformations to Improve Pattern-Recognition Analysis: An Application to Prehistoric Lithic Tools

Author

Listed:
  • Francisco Javier Esquivel

    (Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
    Laboratory of 3D Archaeological Modelling, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain)

  • José Antonio Esquivel

    (Laboratory of 3D Archaeological Modelling, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
    Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain)

  • Antonio Morgado

    (Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain)

  • José L. Romero-Béjar

    (Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
    Institute of Mathematics, University of Granada (IMAG), Ventanilla 11, 18001 Granada, Spain)

  • Luis F. García del Moral

    (Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
    Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain)

Abstract

The analysis of spectral reflectance data is an important tool for obtaining relevant information about the mineral composition of objects and has been used for research in chemistry, geology, biology, archaeology, pharmacy, medicine, anthropology, and other disciplines. In archaeology, the use of spectroscopic data allows us to characterize and classify artifacts and ecofacts, to analyze patterns, and to study the exchange of materials, etc., as well as to explain some properties, such as color or post-depositional processes. The spectroscopic data are of the so-called “big data” type and must be analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques, usually principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Although there are different transformations of the raw data, in this paper, we propose preprocessing by means of an affine transformation. From a mathematical point of view, this process modifies the values of reflectance for each spectral signature scaling them into a [0, 1] interval using minimum and maximum values of reflectance, thus highlighting the features of spectral curves. This method optimizes the characteristics of amplitude and shape, reduces the influence of noise, and improves results by highlighting relevant features as peaks and valleys that may remain hidden using the raw data. This methodology has been applied to a case study of prehistoric chert (flint) artifacts retrieved in archaeological excavations in the Andévalo area located in the Archaeological Museum of Huelva (Huelva, Andalusia). The use of transformed data considerably improves the results obtained with raw data, highlighting the peaks, valleys, and the shape of spectral signatures.

Suggested Citation

  • Francisco Javier Esquivel & José Antonio Esquivel & Antonio Morgado & José L. Romero-Béjar & Luis F. García del Moral, 2022. "Preprocessing of Spectroscopic Data Using Affine Transformations to Improve Pattern-Recognition Analysis: An Application to Prehistoric Lithic Tools," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(22), pages 1-14, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:10:y:2022:i:22:p:4250-:d:971571
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Theodora Angelopoulou & Athanasios Balafoutis & George Zalidis & Dionysis Bochtis, 2020. "From Laboratory to Proximal Sensing Spectroscopy for Soil Organic Carbon Estimation—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-24, January.
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