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Harnessing Green Cover Systems for Effective Slope Stabilization in Singapore

Author

Listed:
  • Yongmin Kim

    (James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK)

  • Tze En Sim

    (James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK)

  • Yuan Shen Chua

    (James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK)

  • Nurdaulet Bakytuly

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan)

  • Alfrendo Satyanaga

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
    Post Graduate Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Bina Darma, Palembang 30111, Indonesia)

  • Jaan H. Pu

    (Faculty of Engineering and Digital Technologies, University of Bradford, Bradford DB7 1DP, UK)

Abstract

Slope stability is crucial in civil engineering, especially in urban areas like Singapore, where heavy rainfall may result in catastrophic slope failures. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three rectification methods, i.e., vegetation covers, GeoBarrier Systems (GBS), and Capillary Barrier Systems (CBS), in reducing rainwater infiltration for maintaining slope stability. Numerical analyses were conducted using finite element seepage and limit equilibrium slope stability software incorporating various rainfall and soil conditions to simulate real-world scenarios, focusing on the Factor of Safety (FOS) and Overdesign Factor (ODF) variations during and after rainfall events. The results from numerical analyses indicate that all three rectification methods significantly reduced negative pore pressure across slope layers under different rainfall scenarios, with CBS being slightly less efficient compared to other methods. Compared to simulations of slopes without rectification methods, the negative pore pressures of the rectified slope are improved by 50 kPa, demonstrating the effectiveness of the rectification methods in mitigating rainwater infiltration. The rectification methods showed similar trends in FOS values, with significant improvements over bare slope simulations. The FOS of the bare slope dropped by 0.7, reaching 1.0 under short, intense rainfall and 0.94 under prolonged heavy rainfall. The FOS of the slope with rectification methods remained stable, with only a 0.05 drop under different rainfall scenarios. The ODF showed similar results. Simulations with high-permeability soils revealed the same trends, confirming the rectification methods’ reliability in representing negative pore pressure and FOS accurately. These findings suggest that all three rectification methods are highly effective in maintaining slope stability under heavy rainfall, making them viable options for slope stabilization in Singapore.

Suggested Citation

  • Yongmin Kim & Tze En Sim & Yuan Shen Chua & Nurdaulet Bakytuly & Alfrendo Satyanaga & Jaan H. Pu, 2025. "Harnessing Green Cover Systems for Effective Slope Stabilization in Singapore," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:436-:d:1594962
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lei Sun & Lizhe Yang & Lu Hao & Di Fang & Kailun Jin & Xiaolin Huang, 2017. "Hydrological Effects of Vegetation Cover Degradation and Environmental Implications in a Semiarid Temperate Steppe, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-20, February.
    2. Pisanu Chuaiwate & Saravut Jaritngam & Pattamad Panedpojaman & Nirut Konkong, 2022. "Probabilistic Analysis of Slope against Uncertain Soil Parameters," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-14, November.
    3. Joram Wachira Mburu & An-Jui Li & Horn-Da Lin & Chih-Wei Lu, 2022. "Investigations of Unsaturated Slopes Subjected to Rainfall Infiltration Using Numerical Approaches—A Parametric Study and Comparative Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-37, November.
    4. Chuangang Gong & Dazhi Ni & Yuna Liu & Yalei Li & Qingmei Huang & Yu Tian & Hao Zhang, 2024. "Herbaceous Vegetation in Slope Stabilization: A Comparative Review of Mechanisms, Advantages, and Practical Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-18, September.
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