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Rural Transformation in the Philippines and the Role of Institutions, Policies, and Investments

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  • Karen Q. Custodio

    (College of Economics and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños 4031, Philippines)

  • Mercedita A. Sombilla

    (Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Los Baños 4031, Philippines)

Abstract

This paper examines the status and rural transformation trends in the Philippines. Using secondary data covering 1988 to 2023, the levels of rural transformation across the country’s sixteen regions were analyzed based on three key indicators: the share of gross value added in high-value agriculture to the total GDP of agriculture, forestry and fishery, share of off-farm employment to the total rural labor force, and agricultural labor productivity. Through a panel regression analysis, this study also determined how selected institutional reforms, policies, and investments (IPIs) influenced the rural transformation that happened in the regions. The findings reveal that rural transformation in the Philippines has been generally slow because of the uneven progress across its local regions, with only three out of the sixteen regions reaching a high level of rural transformation from 1988 to 2023 and two regions remaining at low level of transformation, while the rest are still moving from a slow to moderate level of transformation. This study highlights the critical role of IPIs in driving rural transformation, demonstrating that their effects vary depending on the transformation stage of each region. These results underscore the need to properly identify, logically sequence, and efficiently integrate IPI interventions to address the transformation challenges effectively. Beyond its Philippine context, this study provides insights applicable to other developing countries facing similar rural transformation challenges, offering a replicable methodology for analyzing the transformation and guiding context-specific strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Karen Q. Custodio & Mercedita A. Sombilla, 2025. "Rural Transformation in the Philippines and the Role of Institutions, Policies, and Investments," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-28, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:253-:d:1577197
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