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A Satisfaction Study of Waterfront Public Spaces in Winter Cities from a Demand Perspective: A KANO-IPA Model Analysis Based on Northeastern China

Author

Listed:
  • Ping Yu

    (School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
    Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150006, China)

  • Yu Zhang

    (School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
    Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150006, China)

Abstract

Urban waterfront public space is a key infrastructure for enhancing citizens’ well-being. However, rapid urbanization squeezes out blue and green spaces in cities, and extreme weather challenges exist in winter cities, resulting in unmet needs and a significant decline in citizens’ satisfaction. There is an urgent need to optimize design to bridge the gap between supply and demand. This study proposes a workflow for optimizing the design of waterfront spaces in winter cities based on the KANO-IPA model from the perspective of users’ demands. We constructed a systematic and comprehensive set of spatial demand indicators for waterfront public space in winter cities, covering seven demand dimensions and 42 indicators. A satisfaction survey was conducted across 12 sample reaches in northeastern China. We used the KANO model to classify the attributes of spatial demand indicators, then applied IPA analysis to evaluate them, and finally calculated priority indices to quantify their priority sequences. Based on this, we proposed three-phase optimization strategies: near-term priority upgrading, medium-term steady promotion, and far-term charm enhancement, offering recommendations for improving waterfront public spaces in winter cities. This study provides long-term support for urban regeneration, resource management, and waterfront public space design in winter cities.

Suggested Citation

  • Ping Yu & Yu Zhang, 2025. "A Satisfaction Study of Waterfront Public Spaces in Winter Cities from a Demand Perspective: A KANO-IPA Model Analysis Based on Northeastern China," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-27, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:1:p:92-:d:1560594
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. David Chapman & Kristina L. Nilsson & Agatino Rizzo & Agneta Larsson, 2019. "Winter City Urbanism: Enabling All Year Connectivity for Soft Mobility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-12, May.
    2. Lulu Chen & Hong Leng & Jian Dai & Yi Liu & Ziqing Yuan, 2024. "Urban Waterfront Regeneration on Ecological and Historical Dimensions: Insight from a Unique Case in Beijing, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-29, May.
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    4. Tianyu Xi & Huan Qin & Weiqing Xu & Tong Yang & Chenxin Hu & Caiyi Zhao & Haoshun Wang, 2023. "Constantly Tracking and Investigating People’s Physical, Psychological, and Thermal Responses in Relation to Park Strolling in a Severe Cold Region of China—A Case Study of Stalin Waterfront Park," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-28, April.
    5. Siming Gu & Jinqi Li & Mohan Wang & Hang Ma, 2023. "Post-Renewal Evaluation of an Urbanized Village with Cultural Resources Based on Multi Public Satisfaction: A Case Study of Nantou Ancient City in Shenzhen," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-20, January.
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    7. Chunxiao Cui & Hang Ma & Jinqi Li & Mohan Wang, 2023. "Research on the Spatial Quality of Urban Village Main Streets in Shenzhen from the Perspective of Nighttime Pedestrian Demands," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-25, September.
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