IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v12y2023i8p1615-d1218473.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Does Labor Transfer Improve Farmers’ Willingness to Withdraw from Farming?—A Bivariate Probit Modeling Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Xiuling Ding

    (College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Qian Lu

    (College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Lipeng Li

    (School of Economics and Management, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China)

  • Apurbo Sarkar

    (School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia)

  • Hua Li

    (College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China)

Abstract

Because of the increased expansion of the non-agricultural industry spurred on by vigorous urbanization, labor migration or transfer from farm to urban regions is to become more predominant in China. Studying the effect of labor transfer on farmers’ willingness to withdraw from land is conducive to deepening the understanding of the reality of the “separation of human and farmland”. As most rural livelihoods, directly and indirectly, depend upon farming, the socio-economic impact of leaving the homestead fosters profound research value. Moreover, it would provide a decision-making reference for the government to improve the design of the rural land withdrawal system and related support policies. This article uses the survey data of 953 farmers in Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui, China, to empirically analyze labor transfer’s effect on farmers’ willingness to withdraw from farmland. We construct a bivariate Probit model by eliminating the endogenous issue to craft its findings. This study outlines its findings: (i) 61.805% of the farmers were unwilling, and 18.048% were willing to withdraw from the contracted land and homestead. While 12.067% of the farmers were only willing to withdraw from the contracted land, 8.080% of the farmers were only willing to withdraw from the homestead. Further testing found a positive correlation between farmers’ willingness to withdraw from contracted land and the homestead. (ii) The overall labor transfer of households can increase the willingness of farmers to quit contracted land and homestead farming. The incomplete labor transfer of households can improve the willingness of farmers to quit contracted land. Still, it has no significant impact on the willingness of farmers to quit their homesteads. The family’s complete labor transfer incentivizes farmers’ willingness to withdraw from contracted land and the homestead, which is more potent than incomplete family labor transfer. (iii) Incomplete labor transfer of female households has an incentive effect on farmers’ willingness to quit contracted land, and the effect is more robust than that of incomplete household labor transfer. Seemingly, complete female labor transfer of households has an incentive effect on farmers’ willingness to quit contracted land and the homestead, and the effect is stronger than the complete labor transfer of the family. Because of this, the government should respect the wishes of farmers and strengthen the effective connection and mutual promotion between the homestead and contracted land withdrawal policy. Moreover, pay concentrated attention to the vital role of different types of labor transfer, and targeted labor transfer mechanisms should be used to guide farmers in an orderly manner.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiuling Ding & Qian Lu & Lipeng Li & Apurbo Sarkar & Hua Li, 2023. "Does Labor Transfer Improve Farmers’ Willingness to Withdraw from Farming?—A Bivariate Probit Modeling Approach," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-27, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2023:i:8:p:1615-:d:1218473
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/8/1615/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/8/1615/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yinxin Su & Mingzhi Hu & Yuzhe Wu, 2023. "Rural Land Transfer and Urban Settlement Intentions of Rural Migrants: Evidence from a Rural Land System Reform in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Ying Chen & Xiaolu Ni & Yajia Liang, 2022. "The Influence of External Environment Factors on Farmers’ Willingness to Withdraw from Rural Homesteads: Evidence from Wuhan and Suizhou City in Central China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, September.
    3. Yaoyang Zhao & Scott Cloutier & Hongqing Li, 2020. "Farmers’ Economic Status and Satisfaction with Homestead Withdrawal Policy: Expectation and Perceived Value," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-16, September.
    4. Leng Liu & Congjie Cao & Wei Song, 2023. "Bibliometric Analysis in the Field of Rural Revitalization: Current Status, Progress, and Prospects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-18, January.
    5. Richards, Alan & Martin, Philip, 1983. "Labor Shortages in Egyptian Agriculture," Working Papers 233454, University of California, Davis, Agricultural Development Systems: Egypt Project.
    6. Ulrik Beck & Saurabh Singhal & Finn Tarp, 2019. "Commodity Prices and Intra-Household Labor Allocation," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 101(2), pages 436-454.
    7. Andrius Kazukauskas & Carol Newman & Daragh Clancy & Johannes Sauer, 2013. "Disinvestment, Farm Size, and Gradual Farm Exit: The Impact of Subsidy Decoupling in a European Context," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 95(5), pages 1068-1087.
    8. Solomon Asfaw & Benjamin Davis & Josh Dewbre & Sudhanshu Handa & Paul Winters, 2014. "Cash Transfer Programme, Productive Activities and Labour Supply: Evidence from a Randomised Experiment in Kenya," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(8), pages 1172-1196, August.
    9. Alexander Zorn & Franziska Zimmert, 2022. "Structural change in the dairy sector: exit from farming and farm type change," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 10(1), pages 1-31, December.
    10. Cao, Qian & Sarker, Md Nazirul Islam & Sun, Jiangyan, 2019. "Model of the influencing factors of the withdrawal from rural homesteads in China: Application of grounded theory method," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 285-289.
    11. Badrun Nessa Ahmed & Hermann Waibel, 2019. "The role of homestead fish ponds for household nutrition security in Bangladesh," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(4), pages 835-854, August.
    12. Lei Song & Ping Lyu & Yingui Cao, 2021. "Multi-party game and simulation in the withdrawal of rural homestead: evidence from China," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 13(3), pages 614-638, April.
    13. Leibbrandt, Murray & Lilenstein, Kezia & Shenker, Callie & Woolard, Ingrid, 2013. "The influence of social transfers on labour supply: A South African and international review," SALDRU Working Papers 112, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
    14. Mengling Tian & Yangyang Zheng, 2022. "How to Promote the Withdrawal of Rural Land Contract Rights? An Evolutionary Game Analysis Based on Prospect Theory," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-27, July.
    15. Fengxia Dong & David A. Hennessy & Helen H. Jensen & Richard J. Volpe, 2016. "Technical efficiency, herd size, and exit intentions in U.S. dairy farms," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 47(5), pages 533-545, September.
    16. Gao, Jia & Song, Ge & Sun, Xueqing, 2020. "Does labor migration affect rural land transfer? Evidence from China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    17. Hongyu Wang & Xiaolei Wang & Apurbo Sarkar & Lu Qian, 2021. "Evaluating the Impacts of Smallholder Farmer’s Participation in Modern Agricultural Value Chain Tactics for Facilitating Poverty Alleviation—A Case Study of Kiwifruit Industry in Shaanxi, China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-19, May.
    18. Odountan Ambaliou Olounlade & Gu-Cheng Li & Sènakpon E. Haroll Kokoye & François Vihôdé Dossouhoui & Kuassi Auxence Aristide Akpa & Dessalegn Anshiso & Gauthier Biaou, 2020. "Impact of Participation in Contract Farming on Smallholder Farmers’ Income and Food Security in Rural Benin: PSM and LATE Parameter Combined," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-19, January.
    19. Xiao, Wei & Zhao, Guochang, 2018. "Agricultural Land and Rural-Urban Migration in China: A New Pattern," RIEI Working Papers 2018-09, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Research Institute for Economic Integration.
    20. Zang, Yuzhu & Liu, Yansui & Yang, Yuanyuan & Woods, Michael & Fois, Francesca, 2020. "Rural decline or restructuring? Implications for sustainability transitions in rural China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    21. Wang, Yahui & Li, Xiubin & Lu, Dan & Yan, Jianzhong, 2020. "Evaluating the impact of land fragmentation on the cost of agricultural operation in the southwest mountainous areas of China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    22. Kong, Xuesong & Liu, Yaolin & Jiang, Ping & Tian, Yasi & Zou, Yafeng, 2018. "A novel framework for rural homestead land transfer under collective ownership in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 138-146.
    23. Lindsey Carte & Birgit Schmook & Claudia Radel & Richard Johnson, 2019. "The Slow Displacement of Smallholder Farming Families: Land, Hunger, and Labor Migration in Nicaragua and Guatemala," Land, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-12, June.
    24. Bahta Yonas Tesfamariam & Enoch Owusu-Sekyere & Donkor Emmanuel & Tlalang Boipelo Elizabeth, 2018. "The impact of the homestead food garden programme on food security in South Africa," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 10(1), pages 95-110, February.
    25. Hom Gartaula & Kirit Patel & Derek Johnson & Rachana Devkota & Kamal Khadka & Pashupati Chaudhary, 2017. "From food security to food wellbeing: examining food security through the lens of food wellbeing in Nepal’s rapidly changing agrarian landscape," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 34(3), pages 573-589, September.
    26. Yan Yan & Qingyuan Yang & Kangchuan Su & Guohua Bi & Yuanqing Li, 2022. "Farmers’ Willingness to Gather Homesteads and the Influencing Factors—An Empirical Study of Different Geomorphic Areas in Chongqing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-15, April.
    27. Zhou, Yang & Li, Yamei & Xu, Chenchen, 2020. "Land consolidation and rural revitalization in China: Mechanisms and paths," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    28. Kabir, K.A. & Bloomer, J. & Shabrier, Md B. & Sarwer, R.H. & Karim, M. & Philliips, M., 2020. "Role of homestead farming systems in the livelihoods and food security of poor farmers in southern Bangladesh," Monographs, The WorldFish Center, number 40872, April.
    29. Chiburis, Richard C. & Das, Jishnu & Lokshin, Michael, 2012. "A practical comparison of the bivariate probit and linear IV estimators," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 762-766.
    30. Zheng Wang & Mingwei Yang & Zhiyong Zhang & Yingjuan Li & Chuanhao Wen, 2022. "The Impact of Land Transfer on Vulnerability as Expected Poverty in the Perspective of Farm Household Heterogeneity: An Empirical Study Based on 4608 Farm Households in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-16, November.
    31. Qian, Long & Lu, Hua & Gao, Qiang & Lu, Hualiang, 2022. "Household-owned farm machinery vs. outsourced machinery services: The impact of agricultural mechanization on the land leasing behavior of relatively large-scale farmers in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    32. Peng Shi & Frank Vanclay & Jin Yu, 2022. "Post-Resettlement Support Policies, Psychological Factors, and Farmers’ Homestead Exit Intention and Behavior," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-22, February.
    33. Holden, Stein T. & Otsuka, Keijiro, 2014. "The roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in the context of population growth and land use intensification in Africa," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 88-97.
    34. Yongchao Zhang & Hans Westlund & Johan Klaesson, 2020. "Report from a Chinese Village 2019: Rural Homestead Transfer and Rural Vitalization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-22, October.
    35. Yao Qian & Qingyuan Yang & Haozhe Zhang & Kangchuan Su & Huiming Zhang & Xiaochi Qu, 2022. "The Impact of Farming Households’ Livelihood Vulnerability on the Intention of Homestead Agglomeration: The Case of Zhongyi Township, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    36. Zhen Liu, 2022. "Rural Population Decline, Cultivated Land Expansion, and the Role of Land Transfers in the Farming-Pastoral Ecotone: A Case Study of Taibus, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-17, February.
    37. Lei Song & Ping Lyu & Yingui Cao, 2021. "Multi-party game and simulation in the withdrawal of rural homestead: evidence from China," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 13(3), pages 614-638, April.
    38. Zhou, Yang & Li, Xunhuan & Liu, Yansui, 2020. "Rural land system reforms in China: History, issues, measures and prospects," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    39. Kangchuan Su & Jiang Wu & Yan Yan & Zhongxun Zhang & Qingyuan Yang, 2022. "The Functional Value Evolution of Rural Homesteads in Different Types of Villages: Evidence from a Chinese Traditional Agricultural Village and Homestay Village," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    40. Xu, Dingde & Deng, Xin & Huang, Kai & Liu, Yi & Yong, Zhuolin & Liu, Shaoquan, 2019. "Relationships between labor migration and cropland abandonment in rural China from the perspective of village types," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    41. Jing Gong & Hongyan Du & Zhi Wang, 2022. "Analysis of the Influences of Ecological Compensation Projects on Transfer Employment of Rural Labor from the Perspective of Capability," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-14, September.
    42. Weiyan Qi & Zhemin Li & Changbin Yin, 2022. "Response Mechanism of Farmers’ Livelihood Capital to the Compensation for Rural Homestead Withdrawal—Empirical Evidence from Xuzhou City, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-18, November.
    43. Xin Deng & Dingde Xu & Yanbin Qi & Miao Zeng, 2018. "Labor Off-Farm Employment and Cropland Abandonment in Rural China: Spatial Distribution and Empirical Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-15, August.
    44. Wentao Si & Chen Jiang & Lin Meng, 2022. "Leaving the Homestead: Examining the Role of Relative Deprivation, Social Trust, and Urban Integration among Rural Farmers in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-28, October.
    45. Chen, Hongxia & Zhao, Luming & Zhao, Zhenyu, 2017. "Influencing factors of farmers’ willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads: A survey in zhejiang, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 524-530.
    46. Yin, Qiqi & Sui, Xueyan & Ye, Bei & Zhou, Yujie & Li, Chengqiang & Zou, Mengmeng & Zhou, Shenglu, 2022. "What role does land consolidation play in the multi-dimensional rural revitalization in China? A research synthesis," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    47. Jia Gao & Ge Song & Shuhan Liu, 2022. "Factors influencing farmers’ willingness and behavior choices to withdraw from rural homesteads in China," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(1), pages 112-131, March.
    48. Ranran Shi & Ling Hou & Binghui Jia & Yaya Jin & Weiwei Zheng & Xiangdong Wang & Xianhui Hou, 2022. "Effect of Policy Cognition on the Intention of Villagers’ Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, August.
    49. Abebe, Gumataw K. & Bijman, Jos & Kemp, Ron & Omta, Onno & Tsegaye, Admasu, 2013. "Contract farming configuration: Smallholders’ preferences for contract design attributes," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 14-24.
    50. Gexin Guan & Wei Zhao, 2023. "Using Risk System Theory to Explore Farmers’ Intentions towards Rural Homestead Transfer: Empirical Evidence from Anhui, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-23, March.
    51. Xiaojing Li & Apurbo Sarkar & Xianli Xia & Waqar Hussain Memon, 2021. "Village Environment, Capital Endowment, and Farmers’ Participation in E-Commerce Sales Behavior: A Demand Observable Bivariate Probit Model Approach," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-20, September.
    52. Wen Fan & Lifang Zhang, 2019. "Does cognition matter? Applying the push‐pull‐mooring model to Chinese farmers' willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 98(6), pages 2355-2369, December.
    53. Innocent Mugwagwa & Jos Bijman & Jacques Trienekens, 2020. "Typology of contract farming arrangements: a transaction cost perspective," Agrekon, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 59(2), pages 169-187, April.
    54. Libang Ma & Meimei Chen & Xinglong Che & Fang Fang, 2019. "Farmers’ Rural-To-Urban Migration, Influencing Factors and Development Framework: A Case Study of Sihe Village of Gansu, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, March.
    55. Chenggang Wang & Nicholas Rada & Lijian Qin & Suwen Pan, 2014. "Impacts of Migration on Household Production Choices: Evidence from China," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(3), pages 413-425, March.
    56. Zhongyou Yuan & Chenchen Fu & Shujie Kong & Jifeng Du & Wei Li, 2022. "Citizenship Ability, Homestead Utility, and Rural Homestead Transfer of “Amphibious” Farmers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tao Xia & Elias G. Carayannis & Stavros Sindakis & Saloome Showkat & Nikos Kanellos, 2024. "Technology transfer for sustainable rural development: evidence from homestead withdrawal with compensation in Chengdu–Chongqing," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 303-333, February.
    2. Yichi Zhang & Kai Xue & Huimin Cao & Yingen Hu, 2023. "The Non-Linear Relationship between the Number of Permanent Residents and the Willingness of Rural Residential Land Transfer: The Threshold Effect of per Capita Net Income," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-23, August.
    3. Ying Chen & Xiaolu Ni & Yajia Liang, 2022. "The Influence of External Environment Factors on Farmers’ Willingness to Withdraw from Rural Homesteads: Evidence from Wuhan and Suizhou City in Central China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, September.
    4. Lingling Li & Qianyu Dong & Changjian Li, 2023. "Research on Realization Mechanism of Land Value-Added Benefit Distribution Justice in Rural Homestead Disputes in China—Based on the Perspective of Judicial Governance," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-28, June.
    5. Hanlong Gu & Yuqing He & Bingyi Wang & Fengkui Qian & Yan Wu, 2023. "The Influence of Aging Population in Rural Families on Farmers’ Willingness to Withdraw from Homesteads in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-25, September.
    6. Yao Luo & Yumei Li & Chen Li & Qun Wu, 2023. "Influence of the Kinship Networks on Farmers’ Willingness to Revitalize Idle Houses," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-14, June.
    7. Jing Wang & Kai Zhao & Yue Cui & Hui Cao, 2022. "Formal and Informal Institutions in Farmers’ Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads in China: Heterogeneity Analysis Based on the Village Location," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-19, October.
    8. Xianjun Wang & Junfang Kang, 2023. "Decision Making and Influencing Factors in Withdrawal of Rural Residential Land-Use Rights in Suzhou, Anhui Province, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-20, February.
    9. Wentao Si & Chen Jiang & Lin Meng, 2022. "Leaving the Homestead: Examining the Role of Relative Deprivation, Social Trust, and Urban Integration among Rural Farmers in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-28, October.
    10. Zehua Wang & Fachao Liang & Sheng-Hau Lin, 2023. "Can socially sustainable development be achieved through homestead withdrawal? A hybrid multiple-attributes decision analysis," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, December.
    11. Yao Qian & Qingyuan Yang & Haozhe Zhang & Kangchuan Su & Huiming Zhang & Xiaochi Qu, 2022. "The Impact of Farming Households’ Livelihood Vulnerability on the Intention of Homestead Agglomeration: The Case of Zhongyi Township, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    12. Peng Tang & Jing Chen & Jinlong Gao & Min Li & Jinshuo Wang, 2020. "What Role(s) Do Village Committees Play in the Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads? Evidence from Sichuan Province in Western China," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-15, November.
    13. Zhang, Yongchao & Torre, André & Ehrlich, Marianne, 2023. "The impact of Chinese government promoted homestead transfer on labor migration and household's well-being: A study in three rural areas," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    14. Fachao Liang & Zehua Wang & Sheng-Hau Lin, 2022. "Can Land Policy Promote Farmers’ Subjective Well-Being? A Study on Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads in Jinjiang, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-17, June.
    15. Bin Guo & Lei Yuan & Mengyuan Lu, 2023. "Analysis of Influencing Factors of Farmers’ Homestead Revitalization Intention from the Perspective of Social Capital," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-18, April.
    16. Li, Jing & Lo, Kevin & Zhang, Pingyu & Guo, Meng, 2021. "Reclaiming small to fill large: A novel approach to rural residential land consolidation in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    17. Hu, Zhenhua & Song, Gaohui & Hu, Ziyue & Fang, Jiaqi, 2024. "An improved dynamic game analysis of farmers, enterprises and rural collective economic organizations based on idle land reuse policy," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    18. Ranran Shi & Ling Hou & Binghui Jia & Yaya Jin & Weiwei Zheng & Xiangdong Wang & Xianhui Hou, 2022. "Effect of Policy Cognition on the Intention of Villagers’ Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, August.
    19. Ting Zhang & Jia Li & Yan Wang, 2023. "Effects of Livelihood Capital on the Farmers’ Behavioral Intention of Rural Residential Land Development Right Transfer: Evidence from Wujin District, Changzhou City, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-16, June.
    20. Jia Gao & Ge Song & Shuhan Liu, 2022. "Factors influencing farmers’ willingness and behavior choices to withdraw from rural homesteads in China," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(1), pages 112-131, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2023:i:8:p:1615-:d:1218473. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.