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Analysis of Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Changes and Adaptation Strategies in the Transboundary Gandaki River Basin

Author

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  • Raju Rai

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Yili Zhang

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    Kathmandu Center for Research and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences—Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal)

  • Basanta Paudel

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Kathmandu Center for Research and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences—Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal)

  • Jianzhong Yan

    (College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China)

  • Narendra Raj Khanal

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Kathmandu Center for Research and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences—Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal)

Abstract

Global climate change poses many adverse impacts and risks, which affect the livelihoods of local farmers. This study has assessed farmers’ perceptions of climate changes and adaptation strategies in the transboundary Gandaki River Basin (GRB). A total of 639 households were surveyed purposively from different physiographic regions, ranging from the lowland plain to the high Mountain region of the GRB. These surveyed perceptions were analyzed using a binary logistic regression (BLR) model. The results show that the significant variables determining the climate change perceptions are family size ( p = 0.004), total number of livestock owned by the household ( p = 0.000), availability of irrigation facility ( p = 0.000), temperature change ( p = 0.007), precipitation change ( p = 0.000), and household head’s age ( p = 0.044), education level ( p = 0.000), and profession ( p = 0.003). The results were also analyzed by physiographic region. Farmers in the Mountain region perceived the household head’s education ( p = 0.008) and profession ( p = 0.009), precipitation change ( p = 0.028), climate-induced disease/pests ( p = 0.042), and impact on vegetation ( p = 0.044) as significant variables. Significant variables in the Hill region were found to include the household head’s education ( p = 0.029) and profession ( p = 0.043), lack of irrigation facility ( p = 0.029), precipitation change ( p = 0.018), increased drought ( p = 0.018), and decreased agricultural production ( p = 0.025). Similarly, farmers in the Tarai region noticed the lack of irrigation facility ( p = 0.011), temperature change ( p = 0.042), precipitation change ( p = 0.017), impact on stable crops ( p = 0.043), and decreased agricultural production as important variables. Likewise, in the Gangetic Plain (GP) region, the household head’s education ( p = 0.010), total number of livestock ( p = 0.037), lack of irrigation facility ( p = 0.006), precipitation change ( p = 0.003), increased drought ( p = 0.002), and decreased agricultural production ( p = 0.001) were found to be significant variables. The determinant factors vary between the different regions due to the geography and overall socio-economic factors of the respondent. Combining the scientific data with the farmers’ perceptions may help to clarify how climate change affects the farmers’ perceptions and adaptation strategies to better enhance their livelihood.

Suggested Citation

  • Raju Rai & Yili Zhang & Basanta Paudel & Jianzhong Yan & Narendra Raj Khanal, 2023. "Analysis of Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Changes and Adaptation Strategies in the Transboundary Gandaki River Basin," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2023:i:11:p:2054-:d:1278499
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Uttam Babu Shrestha & Asheshwor Man Shrestha & Suman Aryal & Sujata Shrestha & Madhu Sudan Gautam & Hemant Ojha, 2019. "Climate change in Nepal: a comprehensive analysis of instrumental data and people’s perceptions," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 154(3), pages 315-334, June.
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    4. Rupsha Banerjee, 2015. "Farmers’ perception of climate change, impact and adaptation strategies: a case study of four villages in the semi-arid regions of India," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 75(3), pages 2829-2845, February.
    5. Rajendra P. Shrestha & Namita Nepal, 2016. "An assessment by subsistence farmers of the risks to food security attributable to climate change in Makwanpur, Nepal," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 8(2), pages 415-425, April.
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