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Geomatic Techniques Applied to the Dynamic Study (2001–2019) of the Rock Glacier in the Veleta Cirque (Sierra Nevada, Spain)

Author

Listed:
  • José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco

    (Department of Graphic Expression, INTERRA Research Institute for Sustainable Territorial Development, NEXUS Research Group: Engineering, Territory and Heritage, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Alan D. Atkinson

    (Department of Graphic Expression, INTERRA Research Institute for Sustainable Territorial Development, NEXUS Research Group: Engineering, Territory and Heritage, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Manuel Sánchez-Fernández

    (Department of Graphic Expression, INTERRA Research Institute for Sustainable Territorial Development, NEXUS Research Group: Engineering, Territory and Heritage, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Antonio Gómez-Ortiz

    (Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and History, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Montserrat Salvà-Catarineu

    (Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and History, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Ferran Salvador-Franch

    (Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and History, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain)

Abstract

During the Little Ice Age (LIA), Corral del Veleta (Sierra Nevada) housed a small glacier of which relict glacial ice and permafrost still remain under packets of ice blocks. Currently, it is considered the southernmost rock glacier in Europe. The analysis and results of monitoring carried out on this rock glacier reveal it to be in an accelerated process of immobilization and that the relict glacial ice blocks and permafrost on which it lies are in a continual process of degradation. The rock glacier was monitored from 2001 to 2019 using diverse geomatic techniques, to which geophysical and thermal techniques were added. The results obtained during the observation period shed light on the dynamic of the rock glacier (morpho-topographic movements and deformations) as well as the physical state of the underlying frozen bodies (volumetric reduction and spatial distribution). The changes observed are related to variations in the dominant high-mountain climate of Sierra Nevada, particularly since the end of the 20th century, the general tendencies of which are increasing temperatures, decreasing annual snowfall, and a shorter duration of snow on the ground.

Suggested Citation

  • José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco & Alan D. Atkinson & Manuel Sánchez-Fernández & Antonio Gómez-Ortiz & Montserrat Salvà-Catarineu & Ferran Salvador-Franch, 2022. "Geomatic Techniques Applied to the Dynamic Study (2001–2019) of the Rock Glacier in the Veleta Cirque (Sierra Nevada, Spain)," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-20, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:5:p:613-:d:799269
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christophe Lambiel & Reynald Delaloye, 2004. "Contribution of real‐time kinematic GPS in the study of creeping mountain permafrost: examples from the Western Swiss Alps," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(3), pages 229-241, July.
    2. E. Serrano & C. Agudo & E. Martinez De Pisón, 1999. "Rock glaciers in the Pyrenees," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(1), pages 101-106, January.
    3. A. Kääb & W. Haeberli & G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, 1997. "Analysing the creep of mountain permafrost using high precision aerial photogrammetry: 25 years of monitoring Gruben rock glacier, Swiss Alps," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(4), pages 409-426, October.
    4. Antonio Gómez‐Ortiz & Marc Oliva & Ferran Salvador‐Franch & David Palacios & Luis Miguel Tanarro & José Juan de Sanjosé‐Blasco & Montserrat Salvà‐Catarineu, 2019. "Monitoring permafrost and periglacial processes in Sierra Nevada (Spain) from 2001 to 2016," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 278-291, October.
    5. Wilfried Haeberli, 2000. "Modern Research Perspectives Relating to Permafrost Creep and Rock Glaciers: A Discussion," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(4), pages 290-293, December.
    6. Wilfried Haeberli & Bernard Hallet & Lukas Arenson & Roger Elconin & Ole Humlum & Andreas Kääb & Viktor Kaufmann & Branko Ladanyi & Norikazu Matsuoka & Sarah Springman & Daniel Vonder Mühll, 2006. "Permafrost creep and rock glacier dynamics," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(3), pages 189-214, July.
    7. A. Kääb & M. Weber, 2004. "Development of transverse ridges on rock glaciers: field measurements and laboratory experiments," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(4), pages 379-391, October.
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