IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v10y2021i11p1227-d676792.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Spatial Distribution and Prediction of Soil Heavy Metals Based on Measured Samples and Multi-Spectral Images in Tai Lake of China

Author

Listed:
  • Huihui Zhao

    (School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Peijia Liu

    (School of Politics and Public Administration, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
    Henan Geological Survey Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China
    Contemporary Capitalism Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Baojin Qiao

    (School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Kening Wu

    (School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

Soil is an important natural resource. The excessive amount of heavy metals in soil can harm and threaten human health. Therefore, monitoring of soil heavy metal content is urgent. Monitoring soil heavy metals by traditional methods requires many human and material resources. Remote sensing has shown advantages in the field of monitoring heavy metals. Based on 971 heavy metal samples and Sentinel-2 multi-spectral images in Tai Lake, China, we analyzed the correlation between six heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn) and spectral factors, and selected As and Hg as the input factors of inversion model. The correlation coefficient of the best model of As was 0.53 ( p < 0.01), and of Hg was 0.318 ( p < 0.01). We used the methods of partial least squares regression (PLSR) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) to establish inversion models with different combinations of spectral factors by using 649 measured samples. In addition, 322 measured samples were used for accuracy evaluation. Compared with the PLSR model, the BP neural network builds the model with higher accuracy, and B1-B4 combined with LnB1-LnB4 builds the model with the highest accuracy. The accuracy of the best model was verified, with an average error of 19% for As and 45% for Hg. Analyzing the spatial distribution of heavy metals by using the interpolation method of Kriging and IDW. The overall distribution trend of the two interpolations is similar. The concentration of As elements tends to increase from north to south, and the relatively high value of Hg elements is distributed in the east and west of the study area. The factories in the study area are distributed along rivers and lakes, which is consistent with the spatial distribution of heavy metal enrichment areas. The relatively high-value areas of heavy metal elements are related to the distribution of metal products factories, refractory porcelain factories, tile factories, factories and mining enterprises, etc., indicating that factory pollution is the main reason for the enrichment of heavy metals.

Suggested Citation

  • Huihui Zhao & Peijia Liu & Baojin Qiao & Kening Wu, 2021. "The Spatial Distribution and Prediction of Soil Heavy Metals Based on Measured Samples and Multi-Spectral Images in Tai Lake of China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-13, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:11:p:1227-:d:676792
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/11/1227/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/11/1227/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li Zhao & Yue-Ming Hu & Wu Zhou & Zhen-Hua Liu & Yu-Chun Pan & Zhou Shi & Lu Wang & Guang-Xing Wang, 2018. "Estimation Methods for Soil Mercury Content Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-14, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shuaiwei Shi & Meiyi Hou & Zifan Gu & Ce Jiang & Weiqiang Zhang & Mengyang Hou & Chenxi Li & Zenglei Xi, 2022. "Estimation of Heavy Metal Content in Soil Based on Machine Learning Models," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Yu Zhang & Meiling Liu & Li Kong & Tao Peng & Dong Xie & Li Zhang & Lingwen Tian & Xinyu Zou, 2022. "Temporal Characteristics of Stress Signals Using GRU Algorithm for Heavy Metal Detection in Rice Based on Sentinel-2 Images," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Ahmed Saleh & Yehia H. Dawood & Ahmed Gad, 2022. "Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements’ Contamination in the Soil of Greater Cairo, Egypt Using Geochemical and Magnetic Attributes," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-19, February.
    4. Siyu Tang & Chong Du & Tangzhe Nie, 2022. "Inversion Estimation of Soil Organic Matter in Songnen Plain Based on Multispectral Analysis," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-18, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hailong Zhao & Shu Gan & Xiping Yuan & Lin Hu & Junjie Wang & Shuai Liu, 2022. "Application of a Fractional Order Differential to the Hyperspectral Inversion of Soil Iron Oxide," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Lei Han & Rui Chen & Huili Zhu & Yonghua Zhao & Zhao Liu & Hong Huo, 2020. "Estimating Soil Arsenic Content with Visible and Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Mingbang Zhu & Shanshan Liu & Ziqing Xia & Guangxing Wang & Yueming Hu & Zhenhua Liu, 2020. "Crop Growth Stage GPP-Driven Spectral Model for Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality Using GA-BPNN," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
    4. Mykola Dyvak & Artur Rot & Roman Pasichnyk & Vasyl Tymchyshyn & Nazar Huliiev & Yurii Maslyiak, 2021. "Monitoring and Mathematical Modeling of Soil and Groundwater Contamination by Harmful Emissions of Nitrogen Dioxide from Motor Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-15, March.
    5. Na Wang & Jichang Han & Yang Wei & Gang Li & Yingying Sun, 2019. "Potential Ecological Risk and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Metalloid in Soil around Xunyang Mining Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-16, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:11:p:1227-:d:676792. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.