IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v16y2023i2p66-d1045115.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

External vs. In-House Advising Service: Evidence from the Financial Industry Acquisitions

Author

Listed:
  • Jian Huang

    (College of Business and Economics, Department of Finance, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA)

  • Han Yu

    (School of Business, Department of Finance and Real Estate, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA)

  • Zhen Zhang

    (College of Business and Economics, Towson University, Department of Accounting, Towson, MD 21252, USA)

Abstract

This study analyzes the wealth impact on M&A deals when the acquirers in the financial industry utilize external versus in-house advising services. A quasi-natural observatory setting is applied to investigate the costs and benefits of retaining a financial advisor. Based on agency theory, information asymmetry and conflict of interest both exist in the setting of M&A deals when acquirers use advisory services. We first find that almost 40% of financial acquirers are more likely to use in-house advising services, the frequency of which is significantly higher than that of non-financial acquisitions previously documented. Further, we find that in certain complex deals of greater information asymmetry, the frequency of retaining advisory services in-house is even higher. This finding suggests that for financial acquirers who possess expertise in the M&A market, the concern of conflict of interests (i.e., misaligned incentives) between the acquirers and their advisors are more salient than the concern of information asymmetry. More importantly, using the two-stage regressions method controlling the endogeneity of the choice between in-house versus external advisory services, this study finds that the three-day abnormal returns around the acquisition announcements are 4.5% higher for the acquirers retaining in-house advisory services, 18.7% higher for the corresponding target, and the combined merger gains are 2.2% higher. Overall, our findings provide direct evidence of the agency cost when an external advisor is hired and document the incremental values that the financial acquirers’ in-house advisory services may create.

Suggested Citation

  • Jian Huang & Han Yu & Zhen Zhang, 2023. "External vs. In-House Advising Service: Evidence from the Financial Industry Acquisitions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-21, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:16:y:2023:i:2:p:66-:d:1045115
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/16/2/66/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/16/2/66/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Boone, Audra L. & Harold Mulherin, J., 2008. "Do auctions induce a winner's curse? New evidence from the corporate takeover market," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(1), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Asimakopoulos, Ioannis & Athanasoglou, Panayiotis P., 2013. "Revisiting the merger and acquisition performance of European banks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 237-249.
    3. Elijah Brewer & Julapa Jagtiani, 2013. "How Much Did Banks Pay to Become Too-Big-To-Fail and to Become Systemically Important?," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 43(1), pages 1-35, February.
    4. Stulz, Rene M & Walkling, Ralph A & Song, Moon H, 1990. "The Distribution of Target Ownership and the Division of Gains in Successful Takeovers," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(3), pages 817-833, July.
    5. Morck, Randall & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1990. "Do Managerial Objectives Drive Bad Acquisitions?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(1), pages 31-48, March.
    6. CNV Krishnan & Jialun Wu, 2022. "Market Misreaction? Evidence from Cross-Border Acquisitions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-19, February.
    7. Narayanan Jayaraman & Ajay Khorana & Edward Nelling, 2002. "An Analysis of the Determinants and Shareholder Wealth Effects of Mutual Fund Mergers," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(3), pages 1521-1551, June.
    8. Allen N. Berger & Timothy H. Hannan, 1998. "The Efficiency Cost Of Market Power In The Banking Industry: A Test Of The "Quiet Life" And Related Hypotheses," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(3), pages 454-465, August.
    9. Ahmad Ismail, 2010. "Are good financial advisors really good? The performance of investment banks in the M&A market," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 35(4), pages 411-429, November.
    10. Kisgen, Darren J. & QJ Qian, Jun & Song, Weihong, 2009. "Are fairness opinions fair? The case of mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(2), pages 179-207, February.
    11. Bauer, Keldon J. & Miles, Linda L. & Nishikawa, Takeshi, 2009. "The effect of mergers on credit union performance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2267-2274, December.
    12. Allen Michel & Israel Shaked & You-Tay Lee, 1991. "An Evaluation of Investment Banker Acquisition Advice: The Shareholders' Perspective," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 20(2), Summer.
    13. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W., 2003. "Stock market driven acquisitions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 295-311, December.
    14. Jack Bao & Alex Edmans, 2011. "Do Investment Banks Matter for M&A Returns?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(7), pages 2286-2315.
    15. Robert DeYoung & Douglas Evanoff & Philip Molyneux, 2009. "Mergers and Acquisitions of Financial Institutions: A Review of the Post-2000 Literature," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 36(2), pages 87-110, December.
    16. Kale, Jayant R. & Kini, Omesh & Ryan, Harley E., 2003. "Financial Advisors and Shareholder Wealth Gains in Corporate Takeovers," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(3), pages 475-501, September.
    17. Raghavendra Rau, P., 2000. "Investment bank market share, contingent fee payments, and the performance of acquiring firms," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 293-324, May.
    18. Amihud, Yakov & Lev, Baruch & Travlos, Nickolaos G, 1990. "Corporate Control and the Choice of Investment Financing: The Case of Corporate Acquisitions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 603-616, June.
    19. DeLong, Gayle L., 2001. "Stockholder gains from focusing versus diversifying bank mergers," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 221-252, February.
    20. Morris Knapp & Alan Gart & David Becher, 2005. "Post‐Merger Performance of Bank Holding Companies, 1987–1998," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 40(4), pages 549-574, November.
    21. Chang, Xin & Shekhar, Chander & Tam, Lewis H.K. & Yao, Jiaquan, 2016. "The information role of advisors in mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from acquirers hiring targets’ ex-advisors," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 247-264.
    22. Hunter, William C. & Jagtiani, Julapa, 2003. "An analysis of advisor choice, fees, and effort in mergers and acquisitions," Review of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 65-81.
    23. Rhodes-Kropf, Matthew & Robinson, David T. & Viswanathan, S., 2005. "Valuation waves and merger activity: The empirical evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(3), pages 561-603, September.
    24. C. N. V. Krishnan & Vasiliy Yakimenko, 2022. "Market Misreaction? Leverage and Mergers and Acquisitions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-21, March.
    25. Guo, Jie (Michael) & Li, Yichen & Wang, Changyun & Xing, Xiaofei, 2020. "The role of investment bankers in M&As: New evidence on Acquirers’ financial conditions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    26. Servaes, Henri & Zenner, Marc, 1996. "The Role of Investment Banks in Acquisitions," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 9(3), pages 787-815.
    27. Asquith, Paul & Bruner, Robert F. & Mullins, David Jr., 1983. "The gains to bidding firms from merger," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(1-4), pages 121-139, April.
    28. Berger, Philip G. & Ofek, Eli, 1995. "Diversification's effect on firm value," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 39-65, January.
    29. Bradley, Michael & Desai, Anand & Kim, E. Han, 1988. "Synergistic gains from corporate acquisitions and their division between the stockholders of target and acquiring firms," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 3-40, May.
    30. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1986. "Large Shareholders and Corporate Control," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(3), pages 461-488, June.
    31. Alin Marius Andrieș & Sabina Cazan & Nicu Sprincean, 2021. "Determinants of Bank M&As in Central and Eastern Europe," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, December.
    32. McLaughlin, Robyn M., 1992. "Does the form of compensation matter? *1: Investment banker fee contracts in tender offers," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 223-260, October.
    33. Allen, Linda, et al, 2004. "The Role of Bank Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(2), pages 197-224, April.
    34. Hankir, Yassin & Rauch, Christian & Umber, Marc P., 2011. "Bank M&A: A market power story?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(9), pages 2341-2354, September.
    35. Travlos, Nickolaos G, 1987. "Corporate Takeover Bids, Methods of Payment, and Bidding Firms' Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 42(4), pages 943-963, September.
    36. Andrey Golubov & Dimitris Petmezas & Nickolaos G. Travlos, 2012. "When It Pays to Pay Your Investment Banker: New Evidence on the Role of Financial Advisors in M&As," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(1), pages 271-312, February.
    37. Malmendier, Ulrike & Opp, Marcus M. & Saidi, Farzad, 2016. "Target revaluation after failed takeover attempts: Cash versus stock," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(1), pages 92-106.
    38. Matthew D. Cain & David J. Denis, 2013. "Information Production by Investment Banks: Evidence from Fairness Opinions," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 56(1), pages 245-280.
    39. McLaughlin, Robyn M., 1990. "Investment-banking contracts in tender offers : An empirical analysis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(1-2), pages 209-232.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guo, Jie (Michael) & Li, Yichen & Wang, Changyun & Xing, Xiaofei, 2020. "The role of investment bankers in M&As: New evidence on Acquirers’ financial conditions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    2. Ouyang, Wenjing, 2015. "The effect of M&A advisors’ opinions on acquirer shareholder voting," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 175-190.
    3. Feng, Yun & Liu, Chelsea & Yawson, Alfred, 2023. "Economic shocks, M&A advisors, and industry takeover activity," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    4. Andrey Golubov & Dimitris Petmezas & Nickolaos G. Travlos, 2013. "Empirical mergers and acquisitions research: a review of methods, evidence and managerial implications," Chapters, in: Adrian R. Bell & Chris Brooks & Marcel Prokopczuk (ed.), Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Finance, chapter 12, pages 287-313, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Anjana Rajamani & Marieke van der Poel & Abe de Jong & Steven Ongena, 2017. "The International Diversification of Banks and the Value of Their Cross-Border M&A Advice," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(7), pages 2211-2232, July.
    6. Johannes Kolb, 2019. "Do investment banks create value for their clients? Empirical evidence from European acquisitions," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 25(1), pages 80-115, January.
    7. Killian J. McCarthy & Florian Noseleit, 2022. "Too many cooks spoil the broth: on the impact of external advisors on mergers and acquisitions," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(6), pages 1817-1852, August.
    8. Richard Herron, 2022. "How Much Does Your Banker’s Target-Specific Experience Matter? Evidence from Target IPO Underwriters that Advise Acquirers," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 61(2), pages 217-258, April.
    9. Chen, Chong & Wu, Xueping, 2021. "Winning megadeals: The dual role of acquirer advisors in loan-financed mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    10. Daniliuc, Sorin & Guo, Hui & Wee, Marvin, 2023. "The usefulness of financial advisors to government-influenced Chinese acquirers," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    11. Song, Weihong & Wei, Jie (Diana) & Zhou, Lei, 2013. "The value of “boutique” financial advisors in mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 94-114.
    12. Ertugrul, Mine, 2015. "Bargaining power of targets: Takeover defenses and top-tier target advisors," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 48-78.
    13. Schiereck, Dirk & Sigl-Grüb, Christof & Unverhau, Jan, 2009. "Investment bank reputation and shareholder wealth effects in mergers and acquisitions," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 257-273, September.
    14. Leledakis, George & Mamatzakis, Emmanuel & Pirgiotakis, Manos & Travlos, Nikolaos, 2017. "What twenty years of regulations have to say about M&As of U.S. banks?," MPRA Paper 82977, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Chuang, Kai-Shi, 2014. "Financial advisors, financial crisis, and shareholder wealth in bank mergers," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 229-245.
    16. Chiu, Shih-Chi (Sana) & Pathak, Seemantini & Sabz, Azadeh, 2022. "The impact of advisor status on corporate divestitures and market reactions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 107-121.
    17. Chang, Xin & Shekhar, Chander & Tam, Lewis H.K. & Yao, Jiaquan, 2016. "The information role of advisors in mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from acquirers hiring targets’ ex-advisors," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 247-264.
    18. Liu, Qi & Sun, Xian & Wu, Hong, 2019. "Premier advisory services for VIP acquirers," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1-25.
    19. Qingzhong Ma, 2013. "Investment banks advising takeover targets," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 37(3), pages 339-374, July.
    20. Lyu, Huaili & Wang, Wenming, 2020. "Individual financial advisor's reputation concern and M&A performance: Evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:16:y:2023:i:2:p:66-:d:1045115. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.