IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijfss/v11y2022i1p10-d1019580.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Using Deep Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchical Risk Parity for Portfolio Optimization

Author

Listed:
  • Adrian Millea

    (Department of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK)

  • Abbas Edalat

    (Department of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK)

Abstract

We devise a hierarchical decision-making architecture for portfolio optimization on multiple markets. At the highest level a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent selects among a number of discrete actions, representing low-level agents. For the low-level agents, we use a set of Hierarchical Risk Parity (HRP) and Hierarchical Equal Risk Contribution (HERC) models with different hyperparameters, which all run in parallel, off-market (in a simulation). The information on which the DRL agent decides which of the low-level agents should act next is constituted by the stacking of the recent performances of all agents. Thus, the modelling resembles a statefull, non-stationary, multi-arm bandit, where the performance of the individual arms changes with time and is assumed to be dependent on the recent history. We perform experiments on the cryptocurrency market (117 assets), on the stock market (46 assets) and on the foreign exchange market (28 pairs) showing the excellent robustness and performance of the overall system. Moreover, we eliminate the need for retraining and are able to deal with large testing sets successfully.

Suggested Citation

  • Adrian Millea & Abbas Edalat, 2022. "Using Deep Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchical Risk Parity for Portfolio Optimization," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijfss:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:10-:d:1019580
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/11/1/10/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/11/1/10/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4688 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Zhengyao Jiang & Dixing Xu & Jinjun Liang, 2017. "A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for the Financial Portfolio Management Problem," Papers 1706.10059, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2017.
    3. Ledoit, Olivier & Wolf, Michael, 2003. "Improved estimation of the covariance matrix of stock returns with an application to portfolio selection," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 10(5), pages 603-621, December.
    4. Kolm, Petter N. & Tütüncü, Reha & Fabozzi, Frank J., 2014. "60 Years of portfolio optimization: Practical challenges and current trends," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(2), pages 356-371.
    5. Frensi Zejnullahu & Maurice Moser & Joerg Osterrieder, 2022. "Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Finance -- Trading with a Double Deep Q-Network," Papers 2206.14267, arXiv.org.
    6. Amir Mosavi & Pedram Ghamisi & Yaser Faghan & Puhong Duan, 2020. "Comprehensive Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods and Applications in Economics," Papers 2004.01509, arXiv.org.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Charl Maree & Christian W. Omlin, 2022. "Balancing Profit, Risk, and Sustainability for Portfolio Management," Papers 2207.02134, arXiv.org.
    2. Mei-Li Shen & Cheng-Feng Lee & Hsiou-Hsiang Liu & Po-Yin Chang & Cheng-Hong Yang, 2021. "An Effective Hybrid Approach for Forecasting Currency Exchange Rates," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-29, March.
    3. Iwanicz-Drozdowska Małgorzata & Rogowicz Karol & Smaga Paweł, 2023. "Market-moving events and their role in portfolio optimization of generations X, Y, and Z," International Journal of Management and Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of World Economy, vol. 59(4), pages 371-397, December.
    4. Ben Hambly & Renyuan Xu & Huining Yang, 2021. "Recent Advances in Reinforcement Learning in Finance," Papers 2112.04553, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
    5. Alessio Brini & Daniele Tantari, 2021. "Deep Reinforcement Trading with Predictable Returns," Papers 2104.14683, arXiv.org, revised May 2023.
    6. Luis Lorenzo & Javier Arroyo, 2023. "Online risk-based portfolio allocation on subsets of crypto assets applying a prototype-based clustering algorithm," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-40, December.
    7. Carroll, Rachael & Conlon, Thomas & Cotter, John & Salvador, Enrique, 2017. "Asset allocation with correlation: A composite trade-off," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 262(3), pages 1164-1180.
    8. Brini, Alessio & Tedeschi, Gabriele & Tantari, Daniele, 2023. "Reinforcement learning policy recommendation for interbank network stability," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    9. Nathan Lassance & Frédéric Vrins, 2021. "Minimum Rényi entropy portfolios," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 299(1), pages 23-46, April.
    10. Ghaemi Asl, Mahdi & Rashidi, Muhammad Mahdi & Tavakkoli, Hamid Raza & Rezgui, Hichem, 2024. "Does Islamic investing modify portfolio performance? Time-varying optimization strategies for conventional and Shariah energy-ESG-utilities portfolio," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 37-57.
    11. Zhao, Daping & Bai, Lin & Fang, Yong & Wang, Shouyang, 2022. "Multi‐period portfolio selection with investor views based on scenario tree," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 418(C).
    12. Santos, André Alves Portela & Ferreira, Alexandre R., 2017. "On the choice of covariance specifications for portfolio selection problems," Brazilian Review of Econometrics, Sociedade Brasileira de Econometria - SBE, vol. 37(1), May.
    13. Adrian Millea, 2021. "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Trading—A Critical Survey," Data, MDPI, vol. 6(11), pages 1-25, November.
    14. Meade, N. & Beasley, J.E. & Adcock, C.J., 2021. "Quantitative portfolio selection: Using density forecasting to find consistent portfolios," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 288(3), pages 1053-1067.
    15. Michael Senescall & Rand Kwong Yew Low, 2024. "Quantitative Portfolio Management: Review and Outlook," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-25, September.
    16. Kremer, Philipp J. & Lee, Sangkyun & Bogdan, Małgorzata & Paterlini, Sandra, 2020. "Sparse portfolio selection via the sorted ℓ1-Norm," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    17. Brini, Alessio & Tantari, Daniele, 2023. "Deep reinforcement trading with predictable returns," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 622(C).
    18. Juszczuk, Przemysław & Kaliszewski, Ignacy & Miroforidis, Janusz & Podkopaev, Dmitry, 2022. "Mean--variance portfolio selection problem: Asset reduction via nondominated sorting," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 263-272.
    19. Harris, Richard D. F. & Mazibas, Murat, 2022. "Portfolio optimization with behavioural preferences and investor memory," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 296(1), pages 368-387.
    20. Bruno Scalzo Dees & Ljubisa Stankovic & Anthony G. Constantinides & Danilo P. Mandic, 2019. "Portfolio Cuts: A Graph-Theoretic Framework to Diversification," Papers 1910.05561, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2019.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijfss:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:10-:d:1019580. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.