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Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment

Author

Listed:
  • Anthony I. Okoh

    (Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Thulani Sibanda

    (Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Siyabulela S. Gusha

    (Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa)

Abstract

Human enteric viruses are causative agents in both developed and developing countries of many non-bacterial gastrointestinal tract infections, respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, hepatitis and other more serious infections with high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals such as meningitis, encephalitis and paralysis. Human enteric viruses infect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts and are released in large quantities in the stools of infected individuals. The discharge of inadequately treated sewage effluents is the most common source of enteric viral pathogens in aquatic environments. Due to the lack of correlation between the inactivation rates of bacterial indicators and viral pathogens, human adenoviruses have been proposed as a suitable index for the effective indication of viral contaminants in aquatic environments. This paper reviews the major genera of pathogenic human enteric viruses, their pathogenicity and epidemiology, as well as the role of wastewater effluents in their transmission.

Suggested Citation

  • Anthony I. Okoh & Thulani Sibanda & Siyabulela S. Gusha, 2010. "Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(6), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:7:y:2010:i:6:p:2620-2637:d:8678
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Niklas Pleger & Beatrix Kloft & David Quarcoo & Simona Zitnik & Stefanie Mache & Doris Klingelhoefer & David A Groneberg, 2014. "Bacterial Meningitis: A Density-Equalizing Mapping Analysis of the Global Research Architecture," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-13, September.
    2. Essam M. Janahi & Sakina Mustafa & Saba F. D. Parkar & Humood A. Naser & Zaki M. Eisa, 2020. "Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in a Sewage Treatment Center and Shallow Water Bay," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-13, September.
    3. Kingsley Ehi Ebomah & Martins Ajibade Adefisoye & Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, 2018. "Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Recovered from Selected Aquatic Resources in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and Its Significance to Public Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-10, July.
    4. Vincent Nnamdigadi Chigor & Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, 2012. "Quantitative RT-PCR Detection of Hepatitis A Virus, Rotaviruses and Enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and Source Water Dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Ingrid Papajová & Júlia Šmigová & Gabriela Gregová & Jindřich Šoltys & Ján Venglovský & Ján Papaj & Tatiana Szabóová & Nikola Dančová & Lukáš Ihnacik & Ingrid Schusterová & Jana Sušinková & Jana Rakov, 2022. "Effect of Wastewater Treatment on Bacterial Community, Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Endoparasites," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-14, February.
    6. Xiaotong Wen & Huilie Zheng & Fang Yuan & Hui Zhu & Duyi Kuang & Zhiqiang Shen & Yuanan Lu & Zhaokang Yuan, 2019. "Comparative Study of Two Methods of Enteric Virus Detection and Enteric Virus Relationship with Bacterial Indicator in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-15, September.

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