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The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study

Author

Listed:
  • Raffaele Lavalle

    (Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
    These authors contributed equally.)

  • Elena Condominas

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    These authors contributed equally.)

  • Josep Maria Haro

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Iago Giné-Vázquez

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Raquel Bailon

    (Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
    Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Estela Laporta

    (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Ester Garcia

    (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Microelectrónica y Sistemas Electrónicos, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain)

  • Spyridon Kontaxis

    (Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
    Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Gemma Riquelme Alacid

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Federica Lombardini

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Antonio Preti

    (Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy)

  • Maria Teresa Peñarrubia-Maria

    (Health Technology Assessment in Primary Care and Mental Health (PRISMA) Research Group, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, 08830 St Boi de Llobregat, Spain
    Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Regió Metropolitana Sud, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Marta Coromina

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Belén Arranz

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Elisabet Vilella

    (Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, 43206 Reus, Spain
    Neuriociències i Salut Mental, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, 43204 Reus, Spain
    Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Reus, Spain
    Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK)

  • Elena Rubio-Alacid

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • RADAR-MDD Spain

    (Membership of the RADAR-MDD Spain Names are provided in the Acknowledgments.)

  • Faith Matcham

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
    School of Psychology, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9QH, UK)

  • Femke Lamers

    (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Matthew Hotopf

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK)

  • Brenda W. J. H. Penninx

    (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Peter Annas

    (H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark)

  • Vaibhav Narayan

    (Research and Development Information Technology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA)

  • Sara K. Simblett

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK)

  • Sara Siddi

    (Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain)

  • the RADAR-CNS Consortium

    (Available online: https://radar-cns.org/ (accessed on 8 February 2023).)

Abstract

The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression’s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the “new normality”, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.

Suggested Citation

  • Raffaele Lavalle & Elena Condominas & Josep Maria Haro & Iago Giné-Vázquez & Raquel Bailon & Estela Laporta & Ester Garcia & Spyridon Kontaxis & Gemma Riquelme Alacid & Federica Lombardini & Antonio P, 2023. "The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:5161-:d:1097777
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Natalia Martinelli & Sandrine Gil & Johann Chevalère & Clément Belletier & Guillaume Dezecache & Pascal Huguet & Sylvie Droit-Volet, 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Vulnerable People Suffering from Depression: Two Studies on Adults in France," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Esther García-Esquinas & Rosario Ortolá & Iago Gine-Vázquez & José A. Carnicero & Asier Mañas & Elvira Lara & Alejandro Alvarez-Bustos & German Vicente-Rodriguez & Mercedes Sotos-Prieto & Beatriz Olay, 2021. "Changes in Health Behaviors, Mental and Physical Health among Older Adults under Severe Lockdown Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-25, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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