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The Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects of Fluorinated and Copper-Based Pesticides—A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Andreia F. Mesquita

    (Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal)

  • Fernando J. M. Gonçalves

    (Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal)

  • Ana M. M. Gonçalves

    (Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
    University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Department of Life Sciences, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal)

Abstract

In recent decades, pollution levels have increased, mainly as a result of the intensive anthropogenic activities such industrial development, intensive agricultural practices, among others. The impact of metals and organic contaminants is, nowadays, a great concern to the scientific and political communities. Copper compounds are the main sold pesticides in Europe, as well as herbicides, including glyphosate. Diphenyl ethers are the second ones most sold. Glyphosate and copper compounds are intensively studied, but the opposite is seen in the case of diphenyl ethers, including fluorinated pesticides (e.g., oxyfluorfen). Some research has been performed to increase the knowledge about these contaminants, daily inputted on the aquatic systems and with dangerous effects at physical and biochemical levels on the organisms. A wide range of biomarkers (e.g., growth, survival, reproductive success, enzymatic activity, lipid metabolism) has been applied to determine the potential effects in many species. This review intends to: (a) perform a compilation of the knowledge in previous research about the action mode of organic (fluorinated-based herbicide) and inorganic (copper-based pesticides) contaminants; (b) carry out an information survey about the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the fluorinated-based pesticides, namely the oxyfluorfen and the copper-based pesticides, on aquatic species from different trophic levels, according to in vitro and in vivo studies; (c) understand the impact of oxyfluorfen and copper-based pesticides, considering their effects reported in in vitro studies and, simultaneously, the authorized concentrations by legal organizations and the effective concentrations of each pollutant found in the environment. The literature analyzed revealed noxious effects of Cu and oxyfluorfen to aquatic organisms, including freshwater and marine species, even when exposed to the reference as well as to environmental concentrations, thus highlighting the importance of more monitoring and ecotoxicological studies, to chemical pollutants and different species from different ecological niches, to sustain and improve the legislation.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreia F. Mesquita & Fernando J. M. Gonçalves & Ana M. M. Gonçalves, 2023. "The Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects of Fluorinated and Copper-Based Pesticides—A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-22, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:3706-:d:1073744
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Schreinemachers, Pepijn & Tipraqsa, Prasnee, 2012. "Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high, middle and low income countries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 616-626.
    2. Fátima Jesus & Filipa Mesquita & Elisa Virumbrales Aldama & Ana Marques & Ana M. M. Gonçalves & Luísa Magalhães & António J. A. Nogueira & Ana Ré & Isabel Campos & Joana Luísa Pereira & Fernando J. M., 2023. "Do Freshwater and Marine Bivalves Differ in Their Response to Wildfire Ash? Effects on the Antioxidant Defense System and Metal Body Burden," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-20, January.
    3. Zijian Li & Aaron Jennings, 2017. "Worldwide Regulations of Standard Values of Pesticides for Human Health Risk Control: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-41, July.
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