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Frailty Index as a Predictor of Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older People: A Prospective Analysis of Chilean Adults

Author

Listed:
  • Felipe Diaz-Toro

    (Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Facultad de Enfermeria, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7550196, Chile)

  • Gabriela Nazar

    (Departamento de Psicología y Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile)

  • Claudia Troncoso

    (Centro de Investigación en Educación y Desarrollo (CIEDE-UCSC), Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4070129, Chile)

  • Yeny Concha-Cisternas

    (Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 8370003, Chile
    Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 7500912, Chile)

  • Ana Maria Leiva-Ordoñez

    (Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile)

  • Maria Adela Martinez-Sanguinetti

    (Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile)

  • Solange Parra-Soto

    (BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK)

  • Nicole Lasserre-Laso

    (Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile)

  • Igor Cigarroa

    (Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile)

  • Lorena Mardones

    (Laboratorio de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile)

  • Jaime Vásquez-Gómez

    (Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
    Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Unit, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile)

  • Fanny Petermann-Rocha

    (BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370068, Chile
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ximena Diaz-Martinez

    (Grupo de Investigación Calidad de Vida, Universidad del Biobío, Chillán 4300818, Chile)

  • Carlos Celis-Morales

    (BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
    Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Unit, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association between frailty status and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older people. We included 2661 individuals aged ≥ 35 from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010. Mortality was determined through linkage with the Chilean Civil Registry and Identification. A 36-item frailty index (FI) was used to assess the frailty status. Associations between frailty status and all-cause mortality were assessed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. A non-linear association was investigated using penalized cubic splines fitted in the Cox models. During an 8.9 median follow-up (interquartile range of 8.6–9.0), 308 individuals died (11.5%). Lower survival rates were observed in frail individuals compared to pre-frail and robust people (log-rank < 0.001). Compared with robust individuals, frail people had a higher mortality risk (HR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.57 to 3.51]). Frail middle-aged individuals had a higher risk of dying independently of major risk factors.

Suggested Citation

  • Felipe Diaz-Toro & Gabriela Nazar & Claudia Troncoso & Yeny Concha-Cisternas & Ana Maria Leiva-Ordoñez & Maria Adela Martinez-Sanguinetti & Solange Parra-Soto & Nicole Lasserre-Laso & Igor Cigarroa & , 2023. "Frailty Index as a Predictor of Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older People: A Prospective Analysis of Chilean Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:1195-:d:1030399
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Govindarajulu Usha S & Malloy Elizabeth J & Ganguli Bhaswati & Spiegelman Donna & Eisen Ellen A, 2009. "The Comparison of Alternative Smoothing Methods for Fitting Non-Linear Exposure-Response Relationships with Cox Models in a Simulation Study," The International Journal of Biostatistics, De Gruyter, vol. 5(1), pages 1-21, January.
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