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Social, Community, and Cultural Factors Associated with Parental Stress in Fathers and Mothers

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Listed:
  • Camilla K. M. Lo

    (Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China)

  • Mengtong Chen

    (Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China)

  • Qiqi Chen

    (Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China)

  • Ko Ling Chan

    (Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China)

  • Patrick Ip

    (Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

Parenting stress is a key factor in predicting the quality of parent–child relationships and child development outcomes. Previous research tends to focus on examining individual factors contributing to parental stress, with minimal attention to other important contextual factors that may affect parenting. This study examines the issue from a broader ecological perspective by investigating social, cultural, and community factors associated with parental stress in a community sample of economically active fathers and mothers in Hong Kong. A secondary analysis was conducted using the data from the 2017 Family Survey, a territory-wide household survey conducted in Hong Kong. The data of the current study included a sub-sample of 736 working-class parents (48.4% males and 51.6% females). The mean age of fathers and mothers was 50.99 ( SD = 11.2) and 48.68 ( SD = 10.34) years, respectively. Mothers reported significantly higher levels of parental stress than fathers, t = −4.241, p < 0.001. Different social, cultural, and community factors were associated with parental stress for fathers and mothers. Strong endorsement of traditional family values ( B = −0.23, p = 0.032) and frequent practice of filial piety ( B = −0.005, p = 0.019) reduced parental stress in fathers. Additionally, fathers who perceived formal support as effective scored higher levels of parental stress, B = 0.20, p < 0.001. For mothers, informal social support from family members was the only social predictor for reduced parental stress ( B = −0.14, p < 0.001) among all the other contextual variables. Community support to reduce parental stress in working parents should address the respective risk factors for fathers and mothers.

Suggested Citation

  • Camilla K. M. Lo & Mengtong Chen & Qiqi Chen & Ko Ling Chan & Patrick Ip, 2023. "Social, Community, and Cultural Factors Associated with Parental Stress in Fathers and Mothers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:1128-:d:1029144
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cynthia Osborne & Lawrence Berger & Katherine Magnuson, 2012. "Family Structure Transitions and Changes in Maternal Resources and Well-being," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 49(1), pages 23-47, February.
    2. Qiqi Chen & Mengtong Chen & Camilla Kin Ming Lo & Ko Ling Chan & Patrick Ip, 2022. "Stress in Balancing Work and Family among Working Parents in Hong Kong," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, May.
    3. Ching Lam, 2011. "Psychological Stress and Parenting Behavior Among Chinese Families: Findings from a Study on Parent Education for Economically Disadvantaged Families," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 100(3), pages 451-462, February.
    4. Megan Galbally & Stuart J Watson & Philip Boyce & Andrew J Lewis, 2019. "The role of trauma and partner support in perinatal depression and parenting stress: An Australian pregnancy cohort study," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 65(3), pages 225-234, May.
    5. Mengtong Chen & Qiqi Chen & Camilla Kin Ming Lo & Susan J. Kelley & Ko Ling Chan & Patrick Ip, 2022. "Attitudes toward Grandparental Involvement in Hong Kong: A Trend Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-14, August.
    6. Thomas Leopold, 2018. "Gender Differences in the Consequences of Divorce: A Study of Multiple Outcomes," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(3), pages 769-797, June.
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