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Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Guy Roussel Takuissu

    (Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Sebastien Kenmoe

    (Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon)

  • Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo

    (Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Cyprien Kengne-Ndé

    (Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Donatien Serge Mbaga

    (Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Arnol Bowo-Ngandji

    (Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Juliette Laure Ndzie Ondigui

    (Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Raoul Kenfack-Momo

    (Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Serges Tchatchouang

    (Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Josiane Kenfack-Zanguim

    (Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Robertine Lontuo Fogang

    (Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon)

  • Elisabeth Zeuko’o Menkem

    (Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon)

  • Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse

    (Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Jeannette Nina Magoudjou-Pekam

    (Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon)

  • Carolina Veneri

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Pamela Mancini

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Giusy Bonanno Ferraro

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Marcello Iaconelli

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Lidia Orlandi

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Claudia Del Giudice

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Elisabetta Suffredini

    (Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Giuseppina La Rosa

    (Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and others (e.g., irrigation water and floodwater). The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Heterogeneity (I 2 ) was assessed using the χ 2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameters. A total of 200 prevalence data from 144 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of HAV in water matrices was 16.7% (95% CI: 13.4–20.3). The prevalence for individual matrix was as follows: 31.4% (95% CI: 23.0–40.4) untreated wastewater, 18.0% (95% CI: 9.5–28.2) treated wastewater, 15.0% (95% CI: 10.1–20.5) surface water, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1–6.0) in groundwater, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0–1.7) in drinking water, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.1–15.6) in other matrices. The prevalence was higher in low-income economies (29.0%). Africa and Eastern Mediterranean were the regions with higher HAV prevalence values. This study showed a high heterogeneity (I 2 > 75%) with a significant publication bias ( p value Egger test < 0.001). The results of this review suggest that water matrices could be an important route of HAV transmission even in industrialized countries, despite the lower prevalence compared to less industrialized countries, and the availability of advanced water management systems. More effective water/wastewater treatment strategies are needed in developing countries to limit the environmental circulation of HAV.

Suggested Citation

  • Guy Roussel Takuissu & Sebastien Kenmoe & Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo & Cyprien Kengne-Ndé & Donatien Serge Mbaga & Arnol Bowo-Ngandji & Juliette Laure Ndzie Ondigui & Raoul Kenfack-Momo & Serges Tchatc, 2023. "Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:1054-:d:1027783
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Essam M. Janahi & Sakina Mustafa & Saba F. D. Parkar & Humood A. Naser & Zaki M. Eisa, 2020. "Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in a Sewage Treatment Center and Shallow Water Bay," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-13, September.
    2. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
    3. Osvalda De Giglio & Giuseppina Caggiano & Francesco Bagordo & Giovanna Barbuti & Silvia Brigida & Federica Lugoli & Tiziana Grassi & Giuseppina La Rosa & Luca Lucentini & Vito Felice Uricchio & Antone, 2017. "Enteric Viruses and Fecal Bacteria Indicators to Assess Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Irrigation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-13, May.
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