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First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples Living in Urban Areas of Canada and Their Access to Healthcare: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Simon Graham

    (Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia)

  • Nicole M. Muir

    (Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada)

  • Jocelyn W. Formsma

    (National Association of Friendship Centres, Ottawa, ON K2P 0L9, Canada)

  • Janet Smylie

    (Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
    Well Living House, and Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada)

Abstract

In Canada, approximately 52% of First Nations, Inuit and Métis (Indigenous) peoples live in urban areas. Although urban areas have some of the best health services in the world, little is known about the barriers or facilitators Indigenous peoples face when accessing these services. This review aims to fill these gaps in knowledge. Embase, Medline and Web of Science were searched from 1 January 1981 to 30 April 2020. A total of 41 studies identified barriers or facilitators of health service access for Indigenous peoples in urban areas. Barriers included difficult communication with health professionals, medication issues, dismissal by healthcare staff, wait times, mistrust and avoidance of healthcare, racial discrimination, poverty and transportation issues. Facilitators included access to culture, traditional healing, Indigenous-led health services and cultural safety. Policies and programs that remove barriers and implement the facilitators could improve health service access for Indigenous peoples living in urban and related homelands in Canada.

Suggested Citation

  • Simon Graham & Nicole M. Muir & Jocelyn W. Formsma & Janet Smylie, 2023. "First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples Living in Urban Areas of Canada and Their Access to Healthcare: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(11), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:11:p:5956-:d:1155739
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Browne, Annette J., 2007. "Clinical encounters between nurses and First Nations women in a Western Canadian hospital," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(10), pages 2165-2176, May.
    2. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
    3. Nelson, Sarah E. & Wilson, Kathi, 2018. "Understanding barriers to health care access through cultural safety and ethical space: Indigenous people's experiences in Prince George, Canada," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 21-27.
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