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Integrating Social and Family Support as a Measure of Health Outcomes: Validity Implications from the Integrated Model of Health Literacy

Author

Listed:
  • Anthony Faiola

    (Department of Health and Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA)

  • Maged N. Kamel Boulos

    (School of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Salman Bin Naeem

    (Department of Health and Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
    Department of Library & Information Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

  • Aziz ur-Rehman

    (Department of Library & Information Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

Abstract

(1) Background: Health literacy (HL) is one of the key determinants of health and healthcare outcomes. The objectives of this study are to measure and validate Sørensen et al.’s integrated model of health literacy (IMHL) in a developing country’s youth population, as well as to assess the impact of family affluence and social and family support on healthcare domains. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out of undergraduate university students in 19 public and private sector universities in Pakistan during June–August 2022. A nine-factor measurement model was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) based on the 56 valid items obtained from three different validated scales, such as the family affluence scale (FAS-II), the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), and the European Health Literacy Questionnaire (the HLS-EU-Q). (3) Results: The data were collected from 1590 participants with a mean age of 21.16 (±2.027) years. The model fit indices indicate that the model partially fitted the data: χ 2 = 4.435, df = 1448, p = 0.000, RMSEA = 0.048, TLI = 0.906, CFI = 0.912, IFI = 0.912, GFI = 0.872, NFI = 0.889, RFI = 0.882, PGFI = 0.791. The structural equation model showed acceptable goodness of fit indices, indicating a significant direct influence of social and family support on healthcare and disease prevention. (4) Conclusions: Social and family support are the most influential factors, with regard to HL dimensions, in improving healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion in low-income settings and among non-English-speaking communities.

Suggested Citation

  • Anthony Faiola & Maged N. Kamel Boulos & Salman Bin Naeem & Aziz ur-Rehman, 2022. "Integrating Social and Family Support as a Measure of Health Outcomes: Validity Implications from the Integrated Model of Health Literacy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2022:i:1:p:729-:d:1021091
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bas Geboers & Sijmen A. Reijneveld & Jaap A. R. Koot & Andrea F. De Winter, 2018. "Moving towards a Comprehensive Approach for Health Literacy Interventions: The Development of a Health Literacy Intervention Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-11, June.
    2. Salman Bin Naeem & Maged N. Kamel Boulos, 2021. "COVID-19 Misinformation Online and Health Literacy: A Brief Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-12, July.
    3. Jyoshma Preema Dsouza & Stephan Van den Broucke & Sanjay Pattanshetty, 2021. "Validity and Reliability of the Indian Version of the HLS-EU-Q16 Questionnaire," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-10, January.
    4. Norrafizah Jaafar & Komathi Perialathan & Manimaran Krishnan & Nurashma Juatan & Masitah Ahmad & Teresa Yong Sui Mien & Kamarul Zaman Salleh & Affendi Isa & Suraiya Syed Mohamed & Nor Hanizah Abu Hani, 2021. "Malaysian Health Literacy: Scorecard Performance from a National Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, May.
    5. Mariusz Duplaga & Marcin Grysztar, 2021. "Socio-Economic Determinants of Health Literacy in High School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.
    6. Alexandra Fretian & Torsten Michael Bollweg & Orkan Okan & Paulo Pinheiro & Ullrich Bauer, 2020. "Exploring Associated Factors of Subjective Health Literacy in School-Aged Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-13, March.
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